Table 1 Bivariate comparison of study characteristics in men and women with CVD, by presence and absence of depressive symptoms, N = 1022
From: Mediators of gender effects on depression among cardiovascular disease patients in Palestine
Variable | Sample with depressive Symptoms (CDS ≥90) (N = 804) | Sample without depressive symptoms (CDS < 90) (N = 218) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male (N = 573) N (%) | Female (N = 231) N (%) | P value | Male (N = 177) N (%) | Female (N = 41) N (%) | P value | |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
 Age, mean (SD)a | 57.9 ± 9.6 | 61.6 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 | 57.8 ± 10.2 | 63.7 ± 10.7 | 0.001 |
 Marital status |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Married | 564 (98.4) | 171 (74.0) |  | 166 (93.8) | 25 (60.7) |  |
  Not married | 9 (1.6) | 60 (26.0) |  | 11 (6.2) | 16 (39.0) |  |
 Residence |  |  | 0.456 |  |  | 0.723 |
  City | 261 (45.5) | 104 (45.0) |  | 89 (50.3) | 20 (48.8) |  |
  Village | 270 (47.1) | 104 (45.0) |  | 79 (44.6) | 20 (48.8) |  |
  Camp | 42 (7.3) | 23 (10.0) |  | 9 (5.1) | 1 (2.4) |  |
 Education degree |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.004 |
  No HS diploma | 298 (52.0) | 188 (81.4) |  | 84 (47.4) | 30 (73.2) |  |
  HS diploma | 173 (30.2) | 32 (13.8) |  | 49 (27.7) | 9 (21.9) |  |
  College degree | 102 (17.8) | 11 (4.8) |  | 44 (24.9) | 2 (4.9) |  |
 Occupation |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Professional | 153 (26.7) | 9 (3.9) |  | 47 (26.6) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  Non-professional | 226 (39.4) | 4 (1.7) |  | 76 (42.9) | 1 (2.4) |  |
  Unemployed | 143 (25.0) | 175 (75.8) |  | 31 (17.5) | 29 (70.8) |  |
  Retired | 51 (8.9) | 4 (1.7) |  | 23 (13.0) | 3 (7.3) |  |
  House wife | 0 (0.0) | 39 (16.9) |  | 0 (0.0) | 8 (19.5) |  |
 Income |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Yes | 442 (77.1) | 77 (33.3) |  | 146 (82.5) | 12 (29.3) |  |
  No | 131 (22.9) | 154 (66.7) |  | 31 (17.5) | 29 (70.7) |  |
Clinical Factors | ||||||
 Cardiac diagnosis |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.010 |
  CHD | 188 (32.8) | 63 (27.3) |  | 70 (39.6) | 13 (31.7) |  |
  MI | 242 (42.2) | 76 (32.9) |  | 73 (41.2) | 15 (36.6) |  |
  Angina | 96 (16.8) | 38 (16.4) |  | 24 (13.6) | 4 (9.8) |  |
  Other | 47 (8.2) | 54 (23.4) |  | 10 (5.6) | 9 (21.9) |  |
 Previous cardiac diagnosis |  |  | 0.036 |  |  | 0.898 |
  Yes | 386 (67.4) | 173 (74.9) |  | 106 (59.9) | 25 (61.0) |  |
  No | 187 (32.6) | 58 (25.1) |  | 71 (40.1) | 16 (39.0) |  |
 Years with cardiac disease |  |  | 0.356 |  |  | 0.800 |
  ≤1 year | 347 (60.6) | 130 (56.3) |  | 124 (70.1) | 27 (65.8) |  |
  2–9 years | 148 (25.8) | 61 (26.4) |  | 37 (20.9) | 9 (22.0) |  |
  ≥ 10 years | 78 (13.6) | 40 (17.3) |  | 16 (9.0) | 5 (12.2) |  |
 Cardiac treatment (at admission) |  |  | 0.005 |  |  | 0.872 |
  CATH/stent | 306 (53.4) | 98 (42.4) |  | 107 (60.5) | 23 (56.0) |  |
  CATH/CABG | 139 (24.3) | 58 (25.1) |  | 34 (19.2) | 9 (22.0) |  |
  CATH/other & unknown | 128 (22.3) | 75 (32.5) |  | 36 (20.3) | 9 (22.0) |  |
 Co-morbidities |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.021 |
  None | 182 (31.8) | 32 (13.9) |  | 73 (41.2) | 12 (29.3) |  |
  1 | 169 (29.5) | 68 (29.4) |  | 57 (32.2) | 9 (22.0) |  |
  2+ | 222 (38.7) | 131 (56.7) |  | 47 (26.6) | 20 (48.7) |  |
 Medications |  |  | 0.003 |  |  | 0.471 |
  None | 81 (14.1) | 13 (5.6) |  | 32 (18.1) | 6 (14.6) |  |
  1–2 | 85 (14.9) | 37 (16.0) |  | 22 (12.4) | 8 (19.5) |  |
  3–4 | 407 (71.0) | 181 (78.4) |  | 123 (69.5) | 27 (65.8) |  |
 Somatic symptoms (PHQ-15) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.046 |
  Minimal | 48 (8.4) | 6 (2.6) |  | 35 (19.8) | 2 (4.9) |  |
  Low | 118 (20.6) | 34 (14.7) |  | 74 (41.8) | 15 (36.6) |  |
  Medium | 193 (33.7) | 64 (27.7) |  | 43 (24.3) | 14 (34.1) |  |
  High | 214 (37.3) | 127 (55.0) |  | 25 (14.1) | 10 (24.4) |  |
 Family history |  |  | 0.356 |  |  | 0.033 |
  Yes | 236 (41.2) | 87 (37.7) |  | 63 (35.6) | 22 (53.7) |  |
  No | 337 (58.8) | 144 (62.3) |  | 114 (64.4) | 19 (46.3) |  |
 QoL, (SF-12-PCS score), mean (SD)a | 38.2 ± 12.1 | 31.4 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 | 44.6 ± 12.1 | 34.4 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
Psychosocial factors | ||||||
 PTSD (PTSD-PCL-S) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.282 |
  Minimal | 329 (57.4) | 105 (45.4) |  | 147 (83.1) | 30 (73.2) |  |
  Some | 66 (11.5) | 15 (6.5) |  | 11 (6.2) | 3 (7.3) |  |
  Moderate | 141 (24.6) | 85 (36.8) |  | 19 (10.7) | 8 (19.5) |  |
  High | 37 (6.5) | 26 (11.3) |  | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |  |
 Social support (ESSI) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.293 |
  Low | 186 (32.5) | 108 (46.7) |  | 54 (30.5) | 16 (39.0) |  |
  High | 387 (67.5) | 123 (53.3) |  | 123 (69.5) | 25 (61.0) |  |
 Resilience (RS-14) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.002 |
  Very low | 45 (7.9) | 38 (16.4) |  | 3 (1.7) | 6 (14.6) |  |
  Low | 55 (9.6) | 38 (16.4) |  | 8 (4.5) | 2 (4.9) |  |
  Low-end | 118 (20.6) | 46 (19.9) |  | 37 (20.9) | 3 (7.3) |  |
  Moderate | 148 (25.8) | 52 (22.5) |  | 45 (25.4) | 12 (29.3) |  |
  Moderately-high | 156 (27.2) | 45 (19.5) |  | 58 (32.8) | 15 (36.6) |  |
  High | 51 (8.9) | 12 (5.1) |  | 26 (14.7) | 3 (7.3) |  |
 Self-esteem (SISE), mean (SD)a | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 0.633 |
 QoL,(SF-12-MCS score), mean (SD)a | 39.1 ± 12.5 | 35.3 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 | 46.2 ± 12.6 | 47.0 ± 1.9 | 0.724 |
Lifestyle factors | ||||||
 Smoking status |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Never | 106 (18.5) | 182 (78.8) |  | 42 (23.7) | 34 (82.9) |  |
  Former | 126 (22.0) | 11 (4.8) |  | 105 (59.3) | 4 (9.8) |  |
  Current | 341 (59.5) | 38 (16.4) |  | 30 (17.0) | 3 (7.3) |  |
 Currently on diet |  |  | 0.767 |  |  | 0.483 |
  Yes | 87 (15.2) | 37 (16.0) |  | 39 (22.0) | 7 (17.1) |  |
  No | 486 (84.8) | 194 (84.0) |  | 138 (78.0) | 34 (82.9) |  |
 Fat consumption |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.075 |
  Low | 247 (43.1) | 127 (55.0) |  | 85 (48.0) | 21 (51.2) |  |
  Medium | 176 (30.7) | 77 (33.3) |  | 53 (30.0) | 17 (41.5) |  |
  High | 150 (26.2) | 27 (11.7) |  | 39 (22.0) | 3 (7.3) |  |
 Vegetable & fruit consumption |  |  | 0.920 |  |  | 0.789 |
  Low | 59 (10.3) | 25 (10.8) |  | 15 (8.5) | 3 (7.3) |  |
  Medium | 200 (34.9) | 83 (35.9) |  | 55 (31.1) | 15 (36.6) |  |
  High | 314 (54.8) | 123 (53.3) |  | 107 (60.4) | 23 (56.1) |  |
 Alcohol use |  |  | 0.004 |  |  | 0.100 |
  Yes | 35 (6.1) | 3 (1.3) |  | 11 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  No | 536 (93.9) | 228 (98.7) |  | 165 (93.8) | 41 (100.0) |  |
 Physical activity |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.008 |
  None | 178 (31.1) | 117 (50.7) |  | 31 (17.5) | 11 (26.8) |  |
  Not daily | 116 (20.2) | 37 (16.0) |  | 24 (13.6) | 12 (29.3) |  |
  Daily | 279 (48.7) | 77 (33.3) |  | 122 (68.9) | 18 (43.9) |  |
 BMI |  |  | 0.083 |  |  | 0.230 |
  Underweight | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) |  | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) |  |
  Normal weight | 118 (20.6) | 39 (16.9) |  | 38 (21.5) | 4 (9.8) |  |
  Overweight | 236 (41.2) | 84 (36.4) |  | 87 (49.1) | 20 (48.8) |  |
  Obese | 216 (37.7) | 108 (46.7) |  | 51 (28.8) | 17 (41.4) |  |