Table 1 Bivariate comparison of study characteristics in men and women with CVD, by presence and absence of depressive symptoms, N = 1022
From: Mediators of gender effects on depression among cardiovascular disease patients in Palestine
| Variable |
Sample with depressive Symptoms (CDS ≥90) (N = 804) |
Sample without depressive symptoms (CDS < 90) (N = 218) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Male (N = 573) N (%) |
Female (N = 231) N (%) | P value |
Male (N = 177) N (%) |
Female (N = 41) N (%) | P value | |
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD)a | 57.9 ± 9.6 | 61.6 ± 10.5 | < 0.001 | 57.8 ± 10.2 | 63.7 ± 10.7 | 0.001 |
| Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married | 564 (98.4) | 171 (74.0) | 166 (93.8) | 25 (60.7) | ||
| Not married | 9 (1.6) | 60 (26.0) | 11 (6.2) | 16 (39.0) | ||
| Residence | 0.456 | 0.723 | ||||
| City | 261 (45.5) | 104 (45.0) | 89 (50.3) | 20 (48.8) | ||
| Village | 270 (47.1) | 104 (45.0) | 79 (44.6) | 20 (48.8) | ||
| Camp | 42 (7.3) | 23 (10.0) | 9 (5.1) | 1 (2.4) | ||
| Education degree | < 0.001 | 0.004 | ||||
| No HS diploma | 298 (52.0) | 188 (81.4) | 84 (47.4) | 30 (73.2) | ||
| HS diploma | 173 (30.2) | 32 (13.8) | 49 (27.7) | 9 (21.9) | ||
| College degree | 102 (17.8) | 11 (4.8) | 44 (24.9) | 2 (4.9) | ||
| Occupation | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Professional | 153 (26.7) | 9 (3.9) | 47 (26.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Non-professional | 226 (39.4) | 4 (1.7) | 76 (42.9) | 1 (2.4) | ||
| Unemployed | 143 (25.0) | 175 (75.8) | 31 (17.5) | 29 (70.8) | ||
| Retired | 51 (8.9) | 4 (1.7) | 23 (13.0) | 3 (7.3) | ||
| House wife | 0 (0.0) | 39 (16.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (19.5) | ||
| Income | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 442 (77.1) | 77 (33.3) | 146 (82.5) | 12 (29.3) | ||
| No | 131 (22.9) | 154 (66.7) | 31 (17.5) | 29 (70.7) | ||
| Clinical Factors | ||||||
| Cardiac diagnosis | < 0.001 | 0.010 | ||||
| CHD | 188 (32.8) | 63 (27.3) | 70 (39.6) | 13 (31.7) | ||
| MI | 242 (42.2) | 76 (32.9) | 73 (41.2) | 15 (36.6) | ||
| Angina | 96 (16.8) | 38 (16.4) | 24 (13.6) | 4 (9.8) | ||
| Other | 47 (8.2) | 54 (23.4) | 10 (5.6) | 9 (21.9) | ||
| Previous cardiac diagnosis | 0.036 | 0.898 | ||||
| Yes | 386 (67.4) | 173 (74.9) | 106 (59.9) | 25 (61.0) | ||
| No | 187 (32.6) | 58 (25.1) | 71 (40.1) | 16 (39.0) | ||
| Years with cardiac disease | 0.356 | 0.800 | ||||
| ≤1 year | 347 (60.6) | 130 (56.3) | 124 (70.1) | 27 (65.8) | ||
| 2–9 years | 148 (25.8) | 61 (26.4) | 37 (20.9) | 9 (22.0) | ||
| ≥ 10 years | 78 (13.6) | 40 (17.3) | 16 (9.0) | 5 (12.2) | ||
| Cardiac treatment (at admission) | 0.005 | 0.872 | ||||
| CATH/stent | 306 (53.4) | 98 (42.4) | 107 (60.5) | 23 (56.0) | ||
| CATH/CABG | 139 (24.3) | 58 (25.1) | 34 (19.2) | 9 (22.0) | ||
| CATH/other & unknown | 128 (22.3) | 75 (32.5) | 36 (20.3) | 9 (22.0) | ||
| Co-morbidities | < 0.001 | 0.021 | ||||
| None | 182 (31.8) | 32 (13.9) | 73 (41.2) | 12 (29.3) | ||
| 1 | 169 (29.5) | 68 (29.4) | 57 (32.2) | 9 (22.0) | ||
| 2+ | 222 (38.7) | 131 (56.7) | 47 (26.6) | 20 (48.7) | ||
| Medications | 0.003 | 0.471 | ||||
| None | 81 (14.1) | 13 (5.6) | 32 (18.1) | 6 (14.6) | ||
| 1–2 | 85 (14.9) | 37 (16.0) | 22 (12.4) | 8 (19.5) | ||
| 3–4 | 407 (71.0) | 181 (78.4) | 123 (69.5) | 27 (65.8) | ||
| Somatic symptoms (PHQ-15) | < 0.001 | 0.046 | ||||
| Minimal | 48 (8.4) | 6 (2.6) | 35 (19.8) | 2 (4.9) | ||
| Low | 118 (20.6) | 34 (14.7) | 74 (41.8) | 15 (36.6) | ||
| Medium | 193 (33.7) | 64 (27.7) | 43 (24.3) | 14 (34.1) | ||
| High | 214 (37.3) | 127 (55.0) | 25 (14.1) | 10 (24.4) | ||
| Family history | 0.356 | 0.033 | ||||
| Yes | 236 (41.2) | 87 (37.7) | 63 (35.6) | 22 (53.7) | ||
| No | 337 (58.8) | 144 (62.3) | 114 (64.4) | 19 (46.3) | ||
| QoL, (SF-12-PCS score), mean (SD)a | 38.2 ± 12.1 | 31.4 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 | 44.6 ± 12.1 | 34.4 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Psychosocial factors | ||||||
| PTSD (PTSD-PCL-S) | < 0.001 | 0.282 | ||||
| Minimal | 329 (57.4) | 105 (45.4) | 147 (83.1) | 30 (73.2) | ||
| Some | 66 (11.5) | 15 (6.5) | 11 (6.2) | 3 (7.3) | ||
| Moderate | 141 (24.6) | 85 (36.8) | 19 (10.7) | 8 (19.5) | ||
| High | 37 (6.5) | 26 (11.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Social support (ESSI) | < 0.001 | 0.293 | ||||
| Low | 186 (32.5) | 108 (46.7) | 54 (30.5) | 16 (39.0) | ||
| High | 387 (67.5) | 123 (53.3) | 123 (69.5) | 25 (61.0) | ||
| Resilience (RS-14) | < 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| Very low | 45 (7.9) | 38 (16.4) | 3 (1.7) | 6 (14.6) | ||
| Low | 55 (9.6) | 38 (16.4) | 8 (4.5) | 2 (4.9) | ||
| Low-end | 118 (20.6) | 46 (19.9) | 37 (20.9) | 3 (7.3) | ||
| Moderate | 148 (25.8) | 52 (22.5) | 45 (25.4) | 12 (29.3) | ||
| Moderately-high | 156 (27.2) | 45 (19.5) | 58 (32.8) | 15 (36.6) | ||
| High | 51 (8.9) | 12 (5.1) | 26 (14.7) | 3 (7.3) | ||
| Self-esteem (SISE), mean (SD)a | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 5.2 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 | 6.2 ± 1.0 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | 0.633 |
| QoL,(SF-12-MCS score), mean (SD)a | 39.1 ± 12.5 | 35.3 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 | 46.2 ± 12.6 | 47.0 ± 1.9 | 0.724 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 106 (18.5) | 182 (78.8) | 42 (23.7) | 34 (82.9) | ||
| Former | 126 (22.0) | 11 (4.8) | 105 (59.3) | 4 (9.8) | ||
| Current | 341 (59.5) | 38 (16.4) | 30 (17.0) | 3 (7.3) | ||
| Currently on diet | 0.767 | 0.483 | ||||
| Yes | 87 (15.2) | 37 (16.0) | 39 (22.0) | 7 (17.1) | ||
| No | 486 (84.8) | 194 (84.0) | 138 (78.0) | 34 (82.9) | ||
| Fat consumption | < 0.001 | 0.075 | ||||
| Low | 247 (43.1) | 127 (55.0) | 85 (48.0) | 21 (51.2) | ||
| Medium | 176 (30.7) | 77 (33.3) | 53 (30.0) | 17 (41.5) | ||
| High | 150 (26.2) | 27 (11.7) | 39 (22.0) | 3 (7.3) | ||
| Vegetable & fruit consumption | 0.920 | 0.789 | ||||
| Low | 59 (10.3) | 25 (10.8) | 15 (8.5) | 3 (7.3) | ||
| Medium | 200 (34.9) | 83 (35.9) | 55 (31.1) | 15 (36.6) | ||
| High | 314 (54.8) | 123 (53.3) | 107 (60.4) | 23 (56.1) | ||
| Alcohol use | 0.004 | 0.100 | ||||
| Yes | 35 (6.1) | 3 (1.3) | 11 (6.2) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| No | 536 (93.9) | 228 (98.7) | 165 (93.8) | 41 (100.0) | ||
| Physical activity | < 0.001 | 0.008 | ||||
| None | 178 (31.1) | 117 (50.7) | 31 (17.5) | 11 (26.8) | ||
| Not daily | 116 (20.2) | 37 (16.0) | 24 (13.6) | 12 (29.3) | ||
| Daily | 279 (48.7) | 77 (33.3) | 122 (68.9) | 18 (43.9) | ||
| BMI | 0.083 | 0.230 | ||||
| Underweight | 3 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Normal weight | 118 (20.6) | 39 (16.9) | 38 (21.5) | 4 (9.8) | ||
| Overweight | 236 (41.2) | 84 (36.4) | 87 (49.1) | 20 (48.8) | ||
| Obese | 216 (37.7) | 108 (46.7) | 51 (28.8) | 17 (41.4) | ||