Table 3 Univariable and multivariable associations between socio-demographic and clinical factors and moderate-severe perinatal depression (n = 444)
Moderate-severe depression n/N (%) | No moderate-severe depression n/N (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yrs)† | 28 [18–45] | 25 [18–50] | 1.06 (1.03–1.09) | < 0.01 | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.02 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Burman | 35/161 (21.7) | 126/161 (78.3) | 1.00 | 0.33 | – | – |
Sgaw Karen | 43/278 (15.5) | 235/278 (84.5) | 0.66 (0.40–1.08) | |||
Poe Karen | 13/66 (19.7) | 53/66 (80.3) | 0.88 (0.43–1.80) | |||
Other | 14/63 (22.2) | 49/63 (77.8) | 1.03 (0.51–2.08) | |||
Language | ||||||
Burmese | 51/239 (21.3) | 188/239 (78.7) | 1.00 | 0.16 | ||
Sgaw Karen | 43/280 (15.4) | 237/280 (84.6) | 0.67 (0.43–1.05) | – | – | |
Other | 11/49 (22.4) | 38/49 (77.6) | 1.07 (0.51–2.23) | |||
Religion | ||||||
Buddhist | 77/408 (18.9) | 331/408 (81.1) | 1.00 | 0.81 | – | – |
Christian | 19/115 (16.5) | 96/115 (83.5) | 0.85 (0.49–1.48) | |||
Muslim | 9/45 (20.0) | 36/45 (80.0) | 1.07 (0.50–2.32) | |||
Education | ||||||
Under 3 years | 53/255 (20.8) | 202/255 (79.2) | 1.00 | 0.15 | – | – |
3 to 6 years | 32/164 (19.5) | 132/164 (80.5) | 0.92 (0.57–1.51) | |||
7 or more years | 19/143 (13.3) | 124/143 (86.7) | 0.58 (0.33–1.03) | |||
Literacy | ||||||
Yes | 69/392 (17.6) | 323/392 (82.4) | 1.00 | 0.42 | – | – |
No | 36/176 (20.5) | 140/176 (79.5) | 1.20 (0.77–1.89) | |||
Employment | ||||||
Employed | 69/348 (19.8) | 279/348 (80.2) | 1.00 | 0.74 | – | – |
Unemployed | 36/193 (18.7) | 157/193 (81.3) | 0.93 (0.59–1.45) | |||
Other household member works | ||||||
Yes | 70/369 (19.0) | 299/369 (81.0) | 1.00 | 0.55 | – | – |
No | 20/92 (21.7) | 72/92 (78.3) | 1.19 (0.18–0.30) | |||
Telephone ownership | ||||||
Yes | 51/329 (15.5) | 278/329 (84.5) | 1.00 | 0.03 | – | – |
No | 54/239 (22.6) | 185/239 (77.4) | 1.59 (1.04–2.43) | |||
Site | ||||||
Maela (refugee) | 49/250 (19.6) | 201/250 (80.1) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
Wang Pha (migrant) | 39/155 (25.2) | 116/155 (74.8) | 1.38 (0.85–2.23) | |||
Mawker Tai (migrant) | 17/163 (10.4) | 146/163 (89.6) | 0.48 (0.26–0.86) | |||
Migrant status | ||||||
Refugee | 49/250 (19.6) | 201/250 (80.4) | 1.00 | 0.55 | 1.00 | 0.03 |
Labour migrant | 56/318 (17.6) | 262/318 (82.4) | 0.88 (0.57–1.34) | 2.08 (1.09–4.00) | ||
Duration since migration | ||||||
≤ 1 year | 18/64 (28.1) | 46/64 (71.9) | 1.00 | 0.01 | – | – |
> 1 year | 18/138 (13.0) | 120/138 (87.0) | 0.38 (0.18–0.80) | |||
Alcohol | ||||||
No | 99/543 (18.2) | 444/543 (81.8) | 1.00 | 0.48 | – | – |
Yes | 6/25 (24.0) | 19/25 (76.0) | 1.42 (0.55–3.64) | |||
Smoking | ||||||
No | 90/512 (17.6) | 422.512 (82.4) | 1.00 | 0.11 | – | – |
Yes | 15/56 (26.8) | 41/56 (73.2) | 1.72 (0.91–3.23) | |||
Chew betel nut | ||||||
No | 46/317 (14.5) | 271/317 (85.5) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
Yes | 59/251 (23.5) | 192/251 (76.5) | 1.81 (1.18–2.78) | |||
Self-reported depression history | ||||||
No | 58/419 (13.8) | 361/419 (86.2) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
Yes | 46/147 (31.3) | 101/147 (68.7) | 2.83 (1.82–4.43) | 2.25 (1.21–4.17) | ||
Sufficient social support | ||||||
Yes | 51/320 (15.9) | 269/320 (84.1) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | 1.00 2.07 (1.14–3.73) | 0.02 |
No | 38/137 (27.7) | 99/137 (72.3) | 2.02 (1.25–3.27) | |||
Trauma | ||||||
None | 26/239 (10.9) | 213/239 (89.1) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
≥ 1 trauma event | 79/329 (24.0) | 250/329 (76.0) | 2.59 (1.60–4.18) | 2.43 (1.38–4.30) | ||
Interpersonal violence | ||||||
No | 74/430 (17.2) | 356/430 (82.8) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | 1.00 | < 0.01 |
Yes | 15/27 (55.6) | 12/27 (44.4) | 6.01 (2.70–13.37) | 4.54 (1.86–11.11) | ||
Maternal BMIa | ||||||
Normal | 56/296 (18.9) | 240/296 (81.1) | 1.00 | 0.96 | – | – |
Underweight | 18/99 (18.2) | 81/99 (81.8) | 0.95 (0.53–1.71) | |||
Overweight/obese | 31/173 (17.9) | 142/173 (82.1) | 0.94 (0.58–1.52) | |||
Primigravid | ||||||
Primigravida | 19/160 (11.9) | 141/160 (88.1) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
Multigravida | 86/408 (21.1) | 322/408 (78.9) | 1.98 (1.16–3.38) | |||
Pregnancy | ||||||
Planned | 49/310 (15.8) | 261/310 (84.2) | 1.00 | < 0.01 | – | – |
Unplanned | 38/144 (26.4) | 106/144 (73.6) | 1.91 (1.18–3.09) | |||
Mode of delivery | ||||||
Normal | 81/411 (19.7) | 330/411 (80.3) | 1.00 | 0.91 | – | – |
Instrumental | 9/44 (20.5) | 35/44 (79.5) | 1.05 (0.48–2.27) | |||