The Characteristics and Social Functioning of Pathological Social Withdrawal, “Hikikomori,” in a Secondary Care Setting: a One-Year Cohort Study

Table 1 Comparison of basic demographics among Hikikomori patients and others in a community psychiatric clinic.

	Current Hikikomori		Past Hikikomori		Others		p
	n		n		n		p
Age, median (IQR)	60	34.0 (21.3-46.8)	81	32.0 (23.0-40.5)	163	29.0 (20.0-43.0)	.31
Female, n(%)	60	27 (45.0)	81	43 (53.1)	163	86 (52.8)	.55
School refusal, n(%)	52	31 (59.6)^*	70	35 (50.0)^#	157	28 (17.8)^*,#	< .001
Number of Clinic visits, median (IQR)	52	1.0 (0-2.0)	74	1.0 (0-3.0)⁺	133	1.0 (0-1.0)⁺	.002

Notes. p: ANOVA for parametric outcomes and Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric outcomes; *,#post hoc Ryan test, p < .001; +post hoc adjusted Kruskal-Wallis test p = .002. Symbols are matched to indicate where, for the indicated two groups, the difference between those groups were significant. Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile range, SD Standard deviation

ISSN: 1471-244X