|
Antidepressants
|
aRORa (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Akathisia
|
Bruxism
|
Dystonia
|
Myoclonus
|
Parkinsonism
|
RLS
|
TD
|
Tics
|
Tremor
|
|---|
|
Tricyclic antidepressants
|
0.40 [0.32–0.49]
|
0.13 [0.08–0.21]
|
0.88 [0.80–0.97]
|
0.87 [0.74–1.02]
|
0.77 [0.68–0.87]
|
0.36 [0.29–0.45]
|
0.80 [0.69–0.93]
|
0.48 [0.34–0.67]
|
0.76 [0.73–0.79]
|
|
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors
|
1.50 [1.34–1.68]*
|
1.56 [1.35–1.82]*
|
1.66 [1.55–1.78]*
|
1.25 [1.12–1.40]*
|
1.24 [1.14–1.35]*
|
0.82 [0.73–0.91]*
|
1.21 [1.08–1.34]*
|
1.20 [1.00–1.44]*
|
1.20 [1.16–1.23]*
|
|
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
|
0.51 [0.25–1.02]
|
0.34 [0.11–1.07]
|
0.96 [0.70–1.32]
|
2.54 [1.81–3.56]
|
1.12 [0.75–1.66]
|
0.27 [0.10–0.72]
|
0.79 [0.46–1.37]
|
0.19 [0.03–1.36]
|
0.77 [0.66–0.90]
|
|
“Other” antidepressants
|
0.98 [0.88–1.11]
|
1.14 [0.98–1.33]
|
0.59 [0.54–0.64]
|
0.78 [0.69–0.88]
|
0.92 [0.84–1.01]
|
1.89 [1.70–2.10]
|
0.94 [0.84–1.05]
|
1.17 [0.97–1.41]
|
0.97 [0.94–1.00]
|
|
Agomelatine
|
1.31 [0.49–3.50]
|
1.02 [0.26–4.11]
|
0.34 [0.11–1.05]
|
1.30 [0.49–3.47]
|
1.06 [0.44–2.57]
|
2.11 [1.00–4.44]
|
0.33 [0.05–2.34]
|
1.70 [0.42–6.84]
|
0.45 [0.29–0.69]
|
|
Amineptine
|
–
|
–
|
0.41 [0.10–1.62]
|
1.16 [0.29–4.64]
|
1.03 [0.33–3.22]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
0.31 [0.15–0.61]
|
|
Amitriptyline
|
0.22 [0.14–0.34]
|
0.14 [0.07–0.29]
|
0.65 [0.56–0.76]
|
0.88 [0.71–1.09]
|
0.67 [0.56–0.80]
|
0.44 [0.33–0.58]
|
0.60 [0.47–0.76]
|
0.48 [0.29–0.81]
|
0.64 [0.60–0.69]
|
|
Amoxapine
|
3.22 [1.60–6.48]
|
–
|
4.43 [3.07–6.39]*
|
1.26 [0.41–3.93]
|
2.02 [1.04–3.92]
|
0.41 [0.06–2.90]
|
4.42 [2.50–7.84]*
|
–
|
0.65 [0.43–0.98]
|
|
Bifemelane
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
8.28 [1.06–64.44]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Bupropion
|
0.32 [0.23–0.46]
|
0.67 [0.48–0.92]
|
0.38 [0.32–0.46]
|
0.46 [0.34–0.63]
|
0.75 [0.61–0.93]
|
0.67 [0.52–0.86]
|
0.83 [0.66–1.05]
|
0.85 [0.60–1.20]
|
1.35 [1.28–1.42]*
|
|
Butriptyline
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Citalopram
|
1.60 [1.39–1.84]*
|
1.48 [1.22–1.78]*
|
0.95 [0.85–1.05]
|
1.31 [1.13–1.52]*
|
1.21 [1.08–1.36]
|
0.98 [0.84–1.14]
|
1.07 [0.92–1.25]
|
1.00 [0.77–1.30]
|
0.92 [0.88–0.96]
|
|
Clomipramine
|
0.63 [0.36–1.08]
|
0.19 [0.05–0.77]
|
1.33 [1.05–1.69]
|
2.73 [2.01–3.71]*
|
1.33 [0.97–1.82]
|
0.24 [0.09–0.64]
|
0.72 [0.43–1.22]
|
0.79 [0.36–1.78]
|
1.42 [1.27–1.59]*
|
|
Desipramine
| | |
0.87 [0.52–1.44]
|
0.86 [0.32–2.29]
|
0.62 [0.26–1.50]
|
0.42 [0.10–1.68]
|
1.24 [0.59–2.60]
|
0.40 [0.06–2.83]
|
1.09 [0.86–1.37]
|
|
Desvenlafaxine
|
0.62 [0.30–1.31]
|
2.01 [1.18–3.41]
|
0.66 [0.43–1.02]
|
0.18 [0.05–0.72]
|
0.64 [0.35–1.20]
|
1.37 [0.86–2.18]
|
1.38 [0.86–2.23]
|
0.23 [0.03–1.66]
|
1.17 [1.01–1.35]
|
|
Dibenzepin
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
1.76 [0.96–3.23]
|
|
Dosulepin
|
0.47 [0.18–1.26]
|
0.40 [0.10–1.59]
|
1.18 [0.80–1.72]
|
0.32 [0.10–0.98]
|
0.61 [0.34–1.11]
|
0.31 [0.10–0.97]
|
0.88 [0.46–1.70]
| |
0.75 [0.61–0.91]
|
|
Doxepin
|
0.47 [0.22–0.99]
|
0.12 [0.02–0.88]
|
0.79 [0.55–1.14]
|
0.37 [0.17–0.84]
|
0.82 [0.82–1.22]
|
0.49 [0.25–0.99]
|
1.11 [0.72–1.73]
|
0.61 [0.20–1.89]
|
0.68 [0.57–0.80]
|
|
Duloxetine
|
1.15 [0.92–1.43]
|
1.83 [1.46–2.31]*
|
0.58 [0.48–0.69]
|
0.74 [0.58–0.96]
|
0.84 [0.70–1.02]
|
1.88 [1.61–2.20]*
|
0.94 [0.76–1.18]
|
1.26 [0.89–1.80]
|
1.16 [1.10–1.23]*
|
|
Escitalopram
|
2.02 [1.69–2.42]*
|
1.62 [1.25–2.10]*
|
0.81 [0.69–0.95]
|
0.91 [0.71–1.17]
|
1.16 [0.97–1.38]
|
1.11 [0.89–1.38]
|
1.18 [0.96–1.47]
|
1.14 [0.79–1.64]
|
0.97 [0.91–1.04]
|
|
Etoperidone
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
6.88 [2.01–23.50]
|
|
Fluoxetine
|
1.02 [0.86–1.20]
|
0.66 [0.51–0.85]
|
1.51 [1.39–1.65]*
|
1.02 [0.85–1.22]
|
0.94 [0.81–1.09]
|
0.64 [0.52–0.79]
|
1.22 [1.04–1.43]
|
0.94 [0.72–1.24]
|
0.96 [0.92–1.01]
|
|
Fluvoxamine
|
1.61 [1.13–2.29]
|
1.28 [0.74–2.22]
|
1.48 [1.18–1.86]*
|
1.81 [1.25–2.64]
|
1.05 [0.73–1.52]
|
0.68 [0.38–1.23]
|
0.87 [0.52–1.44]
|
1.12 [0.58–2.17]
|
1.73 [1.56–1.92]*
|
|
Hypericum perforatum
|
–
|
–
|
0.26 [0.09–0.82]
|
0.72 [0.23–2.24]
|
0.70 [0.26–1.86]
|
0.71 [0.23–2.20]
|
0.25 [0.04–1.77]
|
–
|
0.36 [0.24–0.54]
|
|
Imipramine
|
0.58 [0.34–1.01]
|
0.08 [0.01–0.58]
|
1.17 [0.93–1.48]
|
0.77 [0.46–1.28]
|
0.65 [0.43–0.97]
|
0.50 [0.27–0.94]
|
1.11 [0.75–1.65]
|
0.76 [0.36–1.61]
|
0.95 [0.84–1.07]
|
|
Iprindole
|
–
|
–
|
2.01 [0.28–14.52]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Iproclozide
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Iproniazide
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
4.92 [0.69–35.06]
|
4.61 [1.10–19.37]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
0.69 [0.17–2.79]
|
|
Isocarboxazid
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
3.31 [0.46–23.59]
|
–
|
–
|
2.51 [0.35–18.01]
|
–
|
0.87 [0.32–2.34]
|
|
Lofepramine
|
0.63 [0.24–1.68]
| |
0.61 [0.34–1.11]
|
0.31 [0.08–1.25]
|
0.72 [0.37–1.39]
| |
0.70 [0.29–1.69]
| |
0.70 [0.55–0.89]
|
|
Maprotiline
|
1.23 [0.61–2.46]
|
–
|
0.49 [0.25–0.93]
|
0.96 [0.43–2.14]
|
1.66 [1.05–2.61]
|
0.15 [0.02–1.08]
|
0.42 [0.14–1.32]
|
–
|
0.75 [0.59–0.95]
|
|
Medifoxamine
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
1.14 [0.28–4.65]
|
|
Melitracen
|
0.95 [0.13–6.80]
|
–
|
2.14 [0.95–4.79]
|
–
|
3.87 [2.00–7.50]
|
–
|
4.85 [2.17–10.87]
|
6.06 [1.51–24.42]
|
1.71 [1.19–2.45]
|
|
Mianserin
|
2.49 [1.66–3.74]*
|
–
|
0.64 [0.39–1.05]
|
1.52 [0.96–2.43]
|
0.75 [0.48–1.16]
|
0.95 [0.52–1.72]
|
0.30 [0.11–0.81]
|
–
|
0.49 [0.39–0.61]
|
|
Milnacipran
|
0.71 [0.23–2.22]
|
0.35 [0.05–2.50]
|
0.33 [0.13–0.89]
|
0.41 [0.10–1.63]
|
0.67 [0.28–1.60]
|
0.16 [0.02–1.12]
|
0.38 [0.10–1.52]
|
–
|
0.90 [0.70–1.15]
|
|
Minaprine
|
–
|
–
|
2.12 [0.29–15.30]
|
–
|
2.77 [0.38–20.05]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
0.77 [0.19–3.14]
|
|
Mirtazapine
|
2.55 [2.06–3.14]*
|
0.42 [0.22–0.82]
|
0.94 [0.76–1.15]
|
1.61 [1.26–2.06]*
|
1.24 [1.02–1.50]
|
5.24 [4.51–6.10]*
|
1.11 [0.84–1.47]
|
0.50 [0.24–1.06]
|
0.71 [0.64–0.78]
|
|
Moclobemide
|
0.83 [0.35–2.00]
|
0.29 [0.04–2.04]
|
1.13 [0.71–1.80]
|
0.83 [0.34–1.99]
|
1.09 [0.60–1.97]
|
0.49 [0.16–1.54]
|
0.31 [0.08–1.23]
|
–
|
0.72 [0.56–0.93]
|
|
Nefazodone
|
0.88 [0.47–1.65]
|
–
|
0.73 [0.48–1.11]
|
0.28 [0.09–0.88]
|
1.09 [0.66–1.78]
|
0.37 [0.14–0.99]
|
0.36 [0.13–0.96]
|
0.49 [0.12–1.95]
|
0.64 [0.53–0.78]
|
|
Nialamide
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Nomifensine
|
–
|
–
|
0.58 [0.22–1.56]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
0.53 [0.34–0.83]
|
|
Nortriptyline
|
0.48 [0.24–0.97]
|
0.33 [0.11–1.01]
|
0.98 [0.72–1.33]
|
0.34 [0.15–0.77]
|
0.63 [0.41–0.98]
|
0.31 [0.14–0.68]
|
1.03 [0.67–1.59]
|
0.36 [0.09–1.44]
|
0.84 [0.73–0.96]
|
|
Opipramol
|
–
|
–
|
0.66 [0.21–2.04]
|
0.53 [0.07–3.73]
|
0.61 [0.15–2.43]
|
0.52 [0.07–3.67]
|
0.53 [0.07–3.74]
|
–
|
0.72 [0.72–1.13]
|
|
Oxaflozane
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Oxitriptan
|
–
|
–
|
0.86 [0.12–6.16]
|
3.02 [0.42–21.71]
|
3.68 [0.91–14.97]
|
2.69 [0.38–19.19]
|
–
|
–
|
1.00 [0.41–2.43]
|
|
Paroxetine
|
1.49 [1.27–1.76]*
|
1.43 [1.15–1.78]
|
1.87 [1.70–2.05]*
|
1.43 [1.21–1.69]*
|
1.16 [1.01–1.34]
|
1.18 [0.99–1.41]
|
1.22 [1.02–1.45]
|
1.20 [0.90–1.59]
|
1.52 [1.45–1.58]*
|
|
Phenelzine
|
0.57 [0.18–1.76]
|
–
|
0.85 [0.48–1.50]
|
4.85 [3.14–7.49]*
|
1.28 [0.64–2.58]
|
–
|
0.37 [0.09–1.50]
|
–
|
0.83 [0.64–1.08]
|
|
Protriptyline
|
–
|
–
|
1.45 [0.54–3.90]
|
1.15 [0.16–8.20]
|
–
|
1.08 [0.15–7.71]
|
–
|
–
|
0.81 [0.45–1.47]
|
|
Quinupramine
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
26.74 [3.57–200.29]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
1.94 [0.26–14.27]
|
|
Reboxetine
|
1.95 [0.87–4.36]
|
0.58 [0.08–4.09]
|
0.70 [0.31–1.55]
|
0.36 [0.05–2.52]
|
0.69 [0.22–2.14]
|
0.36 [0.05–2.57]
|
0.36 [0.05–2.53]
| |
0.62 [0.42–0.92]
|
|
Sertraline
|
0.85 [0.71–1.02]
|
1.63 [1.35–1.98]*
|
1.02 [0.92–1.13]
|
0.74 [0.61–0.91]
|
1.23 [1.08–1.39]
|
0.80 [0.66–0.97]
|
1.03 [0.87–1.22]
|
1.33 [1.04–1.71]
|
1.08 [1.03–1.14]*
|
|
Tianeptine
|
0.35 [0.05–2.45]
|
–
|
0.28 [0.07–1.12]
|
1.58 [0.71–3.53]
|
0.75 [0.34–1.68]
|
0.26 [0.04–1.86]
|
–
|
–
|
0.51 [0.35–0.75]
|
|
Toloxatone
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
5.86 [0.82–42.07]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
0.42 [0.06–3.04]
|
|
Tranylcypromine
|
–
|
1.11 [0.28–4.47]
|
1.06 [0.55–2.04]
|
2.11 [0.94–4.71]
|
0.87 [0.32–2.32]
|
0.31 [0.04–2.18]
|
2.20 [1.09–4.42]
|
0.94 [0.13–6.69]
|
0.83 [0.60–1.16]
|
|
Trazodone
|
1.08 [0.80–1.46]
|
0.44 [0.23–0.85]
|
1.01 [0.83–1.24]
|
0.48 [0.31–0.74]
|
1.03 [0.83–1.28]
|
1.01 [0.75–1.36]
|
1.31 [1.01–1.69]
|
0.58 [0.29–1.17]
|
0.73 [0.66–0.81]
|
|
Trimipramine
|
1.06 [0.44–2.55]
|
0.40 [0.06–2.81]
|
1.57 [1.00–2.47]
|
0.63 [0.20–1.95]
|
0.52 [0.22–1.25]
|
0.81 [0.30–2.15]
|
1.30 [0.62–2.74]
|
–
|
0.93 [0.72–1.20]
|
|
Tryptophan
|
0.10 [0.03–0.41]
|
0.08 [0.01–0.54]
|
0.07 [0.03–0.19]
|
0.05 [0.01–0.28]
|
0.05 [0.01–0.20]
|
0.04 [0.01–0.30]
|
0.09 [0.02–0.35]
|
8.13 [6.06–10.92]*
|
0.36 [0.30–0.43]
|
|
Venlafaxine
|
0.98 [0.80–1.19]
|
1.98 [1.63–2.42]*
|
1.02 [0.90–1.15]
|
1.31 [1.09–1.57]
|
1.22 [1.06–1.42]
|
1.25 [1.06–1.49]
|
1.35 [1.14–1.59]*
|
0.81 [0.57–1.16]
|
1.07 [1.02–1.13]
|
|
Vilazodone
|
0.75 [0.24–2.32]
|
2.04 [0.85–4.92]
|
0.18 [0.05–0.72]
|
–
|
1.48 [0.74–2.97]
|
3.87 [2.40–6.26]*
|
1.35 [0.61–3.02]
|
0.64 [0.09–4.54]
|
1.41 [1.13–1.76]
|
|
Viloxazine
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
4.66 [1.93–11.28]
|
1.57 [0.58–4.22]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
0.43 [0.19–0.95]
|
|
Vortioxetine
|
2.17 [1.03–4.57]
|
4.71 [2.52–8.80]*
|
0.51 [0.21–1.23]
|
0.31 [0.04–2.15]
|
0.47 [0.12–1.87]
|
0.82 [0.26–2.55]
|
0.87 [0.28–2.71]
|
2.23 [0.72–6.95]
|
0.59 [0.41–0.85]
|
|
Zimeldine
|
–
|
–
|
0.47 [0.12–1.90]
|
1.22 [0.30–4.87]
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
0.47 [0.26–0.82]
|
- CI confidence interval, aROR adjusted reporting odd ratio; RLS, restless legs syndrome; TD, tardive dyskinesia
- aAdjusted ROR were calculated in adjusted univariate logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for age, gender, drugs described as able to induce movement disorders, and drugs used to treat movement disorders
- * Significant association was defined as adjusted ROR > 1 with α threshold of 0.001, and the number of cases being at least 10
