The prevalence and risk factors for mental distress among Syrian refugees in Germany: a register-based follow-up study

Table 2 Depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and PTSD and their distribution at both measurement times (N = 108)

	T1		T2		Comparison
	n	%^f	n	%^f	z^g	p
Depression^a
Clinically not relevant (< 10)	79	73.1	75	69.4	−0.282	0.778
Moderate (10–14)	11	10.2	21	19.4
Moderately severe or severe (≥ 15)	18	16.7	12	11.1
Generalized anxiety disorder^b
Clinically not relevant (< 10)	90	83.4	91	84.3	−0.136	0.892
Moderate (10–14)	10	9.3	12	11.1
Severe (≥ 15)	8	7.4	5	4.6
PTSD^{c, d}
Clinically not relevant	41	38.0	41	38.0	−0.346	0.730
Clinically marginally relevant	22	20.4	23	21.3
Clinically relevant	15	13.9	14	13.0
Number of mental disorders^e
Without mental disorder	74	68.5	68	63.0	−0.273	0.787^d
One mental disorder	15	13.9	22	20.4
Two mental disorders	10	9.3	12	11.1
Three mental disorders	9	8.3	6	5.6
Single diagnostic category
Only depression^a	11	10.2	7	6.5
Only GAD^b	0	0.0	1	0.9
Only PTSD^c	3	2.8	4	3.7
Two diagnostic categories
Depression^a and GAD^b	8	7.4	4	3.7
Depression^a and PTSD^c	1	0.9	2	1.9
GAD^b and PTSD^c	1	0.9	0	0.0
Three diagnostic categories
Depression^a, GAD^b and PTSD^c	9	8.3	6	5.6

^a PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire – Depression Module; ^b GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; ^c ETI, Essen Trauma Inventory: sum score calculated on the basis of the three subscales (intrusion, hyperarousal and avoidance) that are relevant for the cut-off for a PTSD diagnosis; ^d PTSD was only calculated for those participants that had already experienced at least one traumatic event at T1 (n = 78); ^e Depression (PHQ-9 total score ≥ 10), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7 total score ≥ 10), PTSD (ETI: sum score calculated on the basis of the three subscales (intrusion, hyperarousal and avoidance) that are relevant for the cut-off for a PTSD diagnosis); ^f Add-ups may not be equal to total due to rounding; ^g Wilcoxon signed-rank test

ISSN: 1471-244X