Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Patients With ≥10% Antipsychotic Dose Reduction in the BD and MDD Groups

Age, mean ± SD, years

41.00 ± 13.83

41.01 ± 13.82

0.27

44.18 ± 14.15

44.17 ± 14.14

0.51

Men, n (%)

9076 (37.83%)

9076 (37.83%)

–

5958 (33.54%)

5958 (33.54%)

–

State, n (%)

–

–

 Iowa

1831 (7.63%)

1831 (7.63%)

863 (4.86%)

863 (4.86%)

 Kansas

1808 (7.54%)

1808 (7.54%)

1243 (7.00%)

1243 (7.00%)

 Mississippi

1432 (5.97%)

1432 (5.97%)

1243 (7.00%)

1243 (7.00%)

 Missouri

10,297 (42.92%)

10,297 (42.92%)

8796 (49.51%)

8796 (49.51%)

 New Jersey

5594 (23.32%)

5594 (23.32%)

3805 (21.42%)

3805 (21.42%)

 Wisconsin

3030 (12.63%)

3030 (12.63%)

1816 (10.22%)

1816 (10.22%)

Insurance type,n(%)

–

–

 FFS

10,255 (42.74%)

10,255 (42.74%)

7513 (42.29%)

7513 (42.29%)

 HMO

4817 (20.08%)

4817 (20.08%)

3219 (18.12%)

3219 (18.12%)

 Mixed

8920 (37.18%)

8920 (37.18%)

7034 (39.59%)

7034 (39.59%)

Disease duration, mean ± SD, months

26.00 ± 17.49

18.80 ± 16.65

<  0.001*

25.15 ± 17.22

18.00 ± 16.08

< 0.001*

Duration of follow-up, mean ± SD, months

3.94 ± 6.53

6.46 ± 9.19

<  0.001*

4.21 ± 6.77

6.37 ± 8.83

< 0.001*

Index characteristics,n(%)

Index Year

–

–

  2008

349 (1.45%)

349 (1.45%)

233 (1.31%)

233 (1.31%)

  2009

1342 (5.59%)

1342 (5.59%)

790 (4.45%)

790 (4.45%)

  2010

1908 (7.95%)

1908 (7.95%)

1254 (7.06%)

1254 (7.06%)

  2011

2967 (12.37%)

2967 (12.37%)

1860 (10.47%)

1860 (10.47%)

  2012

4014 (16.73%)

4014 (16.73%)

2803 (15.78%)

2803 (15.78%)

  2013

4203 (17.52%)

4203 (17.52%)

3077 (17.32%)

3077 (17.32%)

  2014

2877 (11.99%)

2877 (11.99%)

2148 (12.09%)

2148 (12.09%)

  2015

3157 (13.16%)

3157 (13.16%)

2447 (13.77%)

2447 (13.77%)

  2016

2618 (10.91%)

2618 (10.91%)

2545 (14.33%)

2545 (14.33%)

  2017

557 (2.32%)

557 (2.32%)

609 (3.43%)

609 (3.43%)

Index Drug Class

–

–

  First-generation antipsychotic

1421 (5.92%)

1421 (5.92%)

1032 (5.81%)

1032 (5.81%)

  Second-generation antipsychotic

22,571 (94.08%)

22,571 (94.08%)

16,734 (94.19%)

16,734 (94.19%)

CCI, mean ± SD

0.61 ± 1.19

0.60 ± 1.17

0.64

0.76 ± 1.32

0.74 ± 1.33

0.26

 Substance-related and addictive disorders

6539 (27.25%)

6952 (28.98%)

<  0.001*

4706 (26.49%)

4865 (27.38%)

0.05

 Anxiety disorders

5630 (23.47%)

6129 (25.55%)

<  0.001*

4879 (27.46%)

5351 (30.12%)

< 0.001*

 BD

–

–

–

5190 (29.21%)

4654 (26.20%)

<  0.001*

 Bipolar-related disorders (excluding BD)

210 (0.88%)

226 (0.94%)

0.47

178 (1.00%)

192 (1.08%)

0.50

 MDD

4505 (18.78%)

5081 (21.18%)

<  0.001*

–

–

–

 Depressive disorders (excluding MDD)

4429 (18.46%)

4950 (20.63%)

<  0.001*

4226 (23.79%)

4678 (26.33%)

< 0.001*

 Personality disorders

1322 (5.51%)

1234 (5.14%)

0.08

1025 (5.77%)

884 (4.98%)

< 0.001*

 Schizophrenia

5783 (24.10%)

5139 (21.42%)

<  0.001*

3819 (21.50%)

3108 (17.49%)

< 0.001*

 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders

1961 (8.17%)

1952 (8.14%)

0.89

1576 (8.87%)

1517 (8.54%)

0.27

 Sleep-wake disorders

2395 (9.98%)

2453 (10.22%)

0.38

2044 (11.51%)

2142 (12.06%)

0.11

 Trauma- and stressor-related disorders

2939 (12.25%)

2985 (12.44%)

0.52

2559 (14.40%)

2636 (14.84%)

0.24

 Tardive dyskinesia

18 (0.08%)

26 (0.11%)

0.29

19 (0.11%)

17 (0.10%)

0.87

 AIDS/HIV

277 (1.15%)

280 (1.17%)

0.93

242 (1.36%)

259 (1.46%)

0.47

 Cancer

412 (1.72%)

463 (1.93%)

0.09

416 (2.34%)

444 (2.50%)

0.35

 Cerebrovascular disease

809 (3.37%)

744 (3.10%)

0.09

881 (4.96%)

812 (4.57%)

0.08

 Congestive heart failure

729 (3.04%)

689 (2.87%)

0.28

734 (4.13%)

773 (4.35%)

0.31

 Chronic pulmonary disease

5305 (22.11%)

5309 (22.13%)

0.97

4362 (24.55%)

4240 (23.87%)

0.13

 Dementia

352 (1.47%)

275 (1.15%)

<  0.01*

456 (2.57%)

357 (2.01%)

< 0.001*

 Diabetes with chronic complication

816 (3.40%)

792 (3.30%)

0.55

800 (4.50%)

787 (4.43%)

0.76

 Diabetes without chronic complication

3259 (13.58%)

2985 (12.44%)

<  0.001*

2741 (15.43%)

2590 (14.58%)

< 0.05*

 Hemiplegia or paraplegia

289 (1.20%)

236 (0.98%)

<  0.05*

291 (1.64%)

243 (1.37%)

< 0.05*

 Mild liver disease

1125 (4.69%)

1106 (4.61%)

0.69

954 (5.37%)

934 (5.26%)

0.65

 Metastatic solid tumor

60 (0.25%)

79 (0.33%)

0.13

70 (0.39%)

83 (0.47%)

0.32

 Myocardial infarction

230 (0.96%)

242 (1.01%)

0.61

195 (1.10%)

205 (1.15%)

0.65

 Moderate or severe liver disease

87 (0.36%)

77 (0.32%)

0.48

76 (0.43%)

76 (0.43%)

1.00

 Peptic ulcer disease

157 (0.65%)

170 (0.71%)

0.51

147 (0.83%)

144 (0.81%)

0.91

 Peripheral vascular disease

811 (3.38%)

666 (2.78%)

<  0.001*

767 (4.32%)

716 (4.03%)

0.17

 Renal disease

545 (2.27%)

497 (2.07%)

0.14

520 (2.93%)

490 (2.76%)

0.35

 Rheumatic disease

336 (1.40%)

333 (1.39%)

0.94

352 (1.98%)

374 (2.11%)

0.43

 Psychoanalysis

1 (0.00%)

2 (0.01%)

1.00

0 (0.00%)

0 (0.00%)

–

 Psychotherapy in crisis

46 (0.19%)

44 (0.18%)

0.92

42 (0.24%)

39 (0.22%)

0.82

 Psychotherapy non-crisis

3806 (15.86%)

4039 (16.83%)

<  0.01*

3249 (18.29%)

3463 (19.49%)

< 0.01*

 Antidepressant

13,490 (56.23%)

13,776 (57.42%)

<  0.001*

11,906 (67.02%)

12,036 (67.75%)

< 0.05*

 Anticholinergic

2649 (11.04%)

2043 (8.52%)

<  0.001*

1736 (9.77%)

1232 (6.93%)

< 0.001*

 Sedative

3494 (14.56%)

3473 (14.48%)

0.47

2906 (16.36%)

2878 (16.20%)

0.68

 Mood stabilizer

10,302 (42.94%)

9507 (39.63%)

< 0.001*

6574 (37.00%)

6171 (34.73%)

< 0.001*

 Anxiety medication

8015 (33.41%)

8446 (35.20%)

< 0.001*

6607 (37.19%)

6869 (38.66%)

< 0.01*

 ADHD medication

2053 (8.56%)

1995 (8.32%)

0.31

1100 (6.19%)

1106 (6.23%)

0.91