Table 2 Description of outcome measures, effectiveness, adverse events, and completion rates
From: Distant mood monitoring for depressive and bipolar disorders: a systematic review
Authors | Primary Outcome Measures (Comparison and Outcome) | Feasibility and Effectiveness (Outcome) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression scale/instrument | Mania | Frequency | Adverse events reported | Completion Rate | Effective | |
Faurholt-Jepsen, Vinberg et al., 2015c | HAMD-17 | YMRS | Monthly for 6 months | Trained nurse contacted participant if deterioration in symptoms detected. Results NS | Intervention: 33/39 = 82.62% Control: 34/39 = 87.18% | No significant improvement in HAMD-17 or YMRS scores. |
Lauritsen et al., 2017 [36] | HAMD-17; MINI; MDI | NA | Baseline; at 4 weeks | 5 participants were readmitted to an inpatient ward due to worsening depression (self-monitoring continued) | General: 34/45 = 76% | 59% of participants believed that the system could detect a relapse, 50% believed that the system could influence the course of their illness, and 50% felt that the system had covered their needs for self-monitoring. No significant improvement in self-assessed mood scores. Significant improvement in HAMD-17 and MDI scores. |
Martinez et al., 2018 | BDI | NA | Baseline; at 12 weeks | NS | Intervention: 65/65 = 100% EUC control: 73/78 = 83.49% | Participants rated the intervention as 6/7 (88.57%) in terms of both usefulness and comfort. Clinicians rated the intervention for usefulness for clinical work (90%), usefulness for patients (92.86%), and comfort (85.71%). No significant differences were observed across arms at 12-week follow-up in terms of depressive symptomology. However, regression analysis indicated (i) for each extra point in baseline BDI scores, a reduction of 0.5 points in BDI scores at 12 weeks; and (ii) for each additional point in satisfaction with the psychological care received, a reduction of 4.3 points in BDI scores at 12 weeks. |
Piette et al., 2013 [37] | PHQ-9 | NA | Week 1–6: Weekly with option to reduce to monthly if depression scores were mild enough. Could revert to weekly at any time. | Alerts generated for suicidal ideation, poor medication adherence, and increased depressive symptom severity. Alerts were triggered at a rate of 4.9 per 100 person-weeks of participation. | 11% attrition in first 6 months; 68% assessment completion | NS |
Ross et al., 2008 [38] | PHQ; MINI | NA | Baseline; at 6 months | Participants (37.7%) referred to the behavioural health specialist. | Intervention: 96/130 = 73.85% Control: 72/93 = 77.42% | Intervention group had less (not significantly) depression symptoms and diagnoses at 6-months follow-up than control group. |
Van der Watt, Roos et al., 2018 | QIDS | ASRM | Weekly for 26 weeks | Participants reported negative (10.8%) and apprehensive (16.2%) experience of baseline assessment. | Interviews conducted regarding effectiveness: 60.7% | Majority of participants interviewed (86.5%) reported that they found the mood monitoring helpful. |
Van der Watt, Suryapranata et al., 2018 | QIDS | ASRM | Weekly for 26 weeks | NS | 45.9% | Significant improvement in QIDS scores. No significant difference in ASRM scores. |
Yeung et al., 2012a‑ [39] | PHQ-9; PGI-S | NA | Monthly | Physicians were sent reports on participants’ PHQ scores. 273 PHQ-9 responses endorsing thoughts of self-harm were reported to physicians. | Intervention: 364/503 = 72.37% Control: 278/412 = 67.48% | 45% achieved remission by the end of the study, with the intervention group being significantly more likely to achieve remission. 53.9% fulfilled the response criterion (50% + reduction in PHQ-9 scores), with the intervention group being significantly more likely to achieve response. |
Zulueta et al., 2018 [34] | HAMD-17 | YMRS | Weekly | NS | Participation varied in terms of the number of weeks that had any keyboard activity, with an average of 4.69 (3.05) weeks. Only 9 participants (9/16 = 56.25%) complete at least 4 weeks. | Decrease in HAMD-17 scores: Week 1 = 11.90 (3.17); Week 8 = 11.11 (5.49). Significance not reported. Decrease in YMRS scores: Week 1 = 7.56 (5.00); Week 8 = 6.67 (4.03). Significance not indicated. |