Table 2 Factors associated with severe depressive symptoms in the study population
Variables | Univariable models | Multivariable model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% severe depressive symptomsa | OR (95% CI)* | p-value | aOR (95% CI)* | p-value | |
Age | 0.71 | ||||
50–59 years old | 17.4 | 1 | |||
≥ 60 years old | 18.9 | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | |||
Gender | 0.09 | ||||
Men | 22.7 | 1 | |||
Women | 14.5 | 0.6 (0.4–1.1) | |||
Education level | |||||
No education | 10.9 | 1 | |||
Primary school | 21.8 | 2.2 (0.9–5.2) | 0.08 | ||
Secondary school | 21.9 | 2.1 (0.9–4.7) | 0.07 | ||
University & Tertiary Education | 13.5 | 1.1 (0.3–3.6) | 0.87 | ||
Marital Status | |||||
Married/Cohabitating | 19.3 | 1 | |||
Widowed | 13.1 | 0.7 (0.3–1.3) | 0.23 | ||
Divorced | 25.9 | 1.6 (0.6–4.2) | 0.33 | ||
Never married | 20.0 | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | 0.99 | ||
Employment status | 0.11 | 0.01 | |||
Currently employed | 14.5 | 1 | 1 | ||
Unemployed | 23.9 | 1.9 (1.0–3.8) | 0.04 | 2.8 (1.4–5.7) | 0.003 |
Retired | 19.1 | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 0.51 | 1.2 (0.5–2.6) | 0.67 |
Duration of HIV infection | |||||
[6–69[ | 9.6 | 1 | |||
[69–108[ | 16.7 | 1.9 (0.8–4.8) | 0.17 | ||
[108–141[ | 19.7 | 2.3 (0.9–5.8) | 0.07 | ||
≥ 141 | 24.4 | 3.2 (1.3–7.6) | 0.01 | ||
Clinical disease stage | |||||
A | 14.0 | 1 | |||
B | 19.9 | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) | 0.46 | ||
C | 18.7 | 1.2 (0.5–3.2) | 0.67 | ||
Nadir CD4 | < 0.0001 | ||||
> 200 | 11.2 | 1 | |||
≤ 200 | 22.0 | 2.1 (1.1–4.2) | |||
CD4 | 0.36 | ||||
≥ 500 | 15.9 | 1 | |||
< 500 | 20.1 | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | |||
Viral load | 0.002 | ||||
Undetectable | 15.1 | 1 | |||
Detectable | 37.2 | 3.1 (1.5–6.3) | |||
Initial ART combination | 0.10 | ||||
3TC + TDF + EFV | 12.2 | 1 | |||
Other | 19.8 | 1.8 (0.9–3.8) | |||
Actual ART combination | 0.06 | ||||
3TC + TDF + EFV | 14.2 | 1 | |||
Other | 22.1 | 1.7 (0.9–3.1) | |||
Non adherence to ART (ref.: adherent) | 38.5 | 3.1 (0.9–9.9) | 0.06 | ||
Alcohol consumption (ref.: no)b | 28.0 | 1.9 (0.7–4.8) | 0.18 | ||
Tobacco (current/former) (ref.: no) | 31.6 | 2.5 (1.3–4.9) | 0.01 | 2.6 (1.3–5.4) | 0.01 |
Drug consumption (ref.: no) | 33.3 | 1.9 (0.3–11.0) | 0.45 | ||
BMI | 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
Normal / underweight | 22.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
Overweight/obesity | 5.9 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | ||
Comorbidities | |||||
No | 16.2 | 1 | |||
Only one | 17.8 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 0.62 | ||
More than one | 21.6 | 1.7 (0.8–3.4) | 0.18 | ||
History of trauma (ref.: no) | 18.2 | 0.9 (0.3–3.1) | 0.99 | ||
History of neurological disease (ref.: no) | 22.9 | 2.3 (0.9–5.6) | 0.07 | ||