Table 5 ACE-III Urdu items determined from focus groups and consensus meeting

i. Ask the question ‘These days which of the four seasons is it?’

ii. ‘Hospital’ and ‘county’ will be spelt using Urdu letters.

iii. Only accept dates in the English calendar.

Participants and experts agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

i. ‘Lemon’ is directly translated into Urdu.

ii. ‘Key’ is replaced with ‘bell’, spelt using Urdu letters.

iii. ‘Ball’ is directly translated into Urdu

Participants and experts agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines for i and ii.

For iii, participants said ‘bell’ and ‘ball’ sound far too alike and it was decided that ‘ball will be directly translated as the Urdu word for ‘ball’ is also one syllable.

Use the word ‘minus’, spelt using Urdu letters and the Urdu translation for ‘take away’.

Participants and experts agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

Refer to Question 2: Attention

Refer to Question 2: Attention

Replace the letter ‘P’ with the Urdu letter چ (chay).

Participants agreed with both proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

Between the letters چ (chay) and گ (gaaf), the former was then chosen by experts after debate due to its unique sound as the latter could be mistaken for the similar sounding letter ک (kaaf).

i. The first name Haroon is used. The last name Butt is used.

ii. The original ACE-III address will be retained and spelt using Urdu letters.

Participants agreed with all the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

The name Haroon Butt was settled upon by the experts due to it retaining the sounds and length of the original name, Harry Barnes.

i. The first, second and third question of the original ACE-III, ‘Name of the current Prime Minister’, ‘Name of the first female Prime Minister’ and ‘Name of the USA president’ are retained.

ii. The fourth question will be replaced with ‘Name of the princess who died in a car crash in the 1990s’.

Participants agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

The second question was retained according to the guidelines, despite what was said in the focus groups. Experts ruled that British Urdu speaking elderly should be aware of the first female Prime Minister of the UK due to her prominence. She would have been Prime Minister at the time when many of the elderly would have initially immigrated to the UK and would therefore know of her.

The fourth question was replaced with a new suggestion by the experts. Despite following the rationale of the guidelines ‘Name of the British currency’ and ‘Name of the city where (a ‘Wonder of the World’) is located’ were deemed too easy. It was also agreed that these replacements do not retain the conceptual equivalence of the question.

‘Name of the princess who died in a car crash in the 1990’ retains the concept, relating to a well know historical death relevant to the UK.

i. ‘Eccentricity’ is replaced with گوش گزار

ii. ‘Unintelligible’ is replaced with

نشیب و فراز

iii. The Indian Urdu replacements for ‘caterpillar’ and ‘statistician’ are retained.

Participants agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

‘Eccentricity’ was replaced with a new suggestion by experts as the words proposed were deemed too easy in comparison to the original counterparts.

The first saying, ‘All that glitters is not gold’, is translated into Urdu. The second saying is replaced with the saying that translated to ‘You cannot clap with one hand’.

Participants and experts agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

i. Spoon is retained.

ii. Book is retained.

iii. Kangaroo is replaced with a goat.

iv. Penguin is replaced with a peacock.

v. Anchor is replaced with scissors.

vi. Camel is retained.

vii. Harp is replaced with a dohl.

viii. Rhino is replaced with a bear.

ix. Barrel is replaced with a suitcase.

x. Crown is replaced with a cap.

xi. Crocodile is replaced with a tortoise.

xii. Accordion is replaced with a trumpet.

Participants agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

For iii, experts decided that though sheep are more common in the UK, British Urdu speakers would be familiar and able to recognise a goat.

For iv, experts selected a peacock as British Urdu speakers would be more familiar with it as opposed to a parrot. For v, experts settled on scissors as they are a common household object.

For vii, experts selected a dohl due to familiarity with it in the culture.

For viii, experts proposed the new suggestion of a bear to replace the rhino as it is a better known wild animal but still unique in the UK. Experts ruled that a lion could be confused with other big cats such as a tiger and a monkey is not as relative to the cultural context of the UK.

For ix, experts selected a suitcase as it is a form of container with a specific purpose.

For x, experts proposed the new suggestion of a cap as it is a better known form of headwear.

For xi, experts proposed the new suggestion of a tortoise, because it is a better known wild animal that would be better recognised by the British Urdu speaking elderly.

For xii, a trumpet was selected out of the proposed instruments by participants from the focus groups as it was considered the most uniquely shaped and easily recognisable by British Urdu speaking elderly.

The following questions were asked regarding the images: ‘Which one is related to the head’, ‘Which one is found in the desert’, ‘Which one has a shell on it’ and ‘Which one is related to travel’.

All questions were developed by the authors NM and WW according to the images that were finalised, following the guidelines.

Participants and experts agreed with the proposed questions.

The words used in the Indian Urdu ACE-III were retained.

Participants and experts agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines

The letters و، م،ی،ا were selected.

Participants and experts agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines

Refer to Question 6: Memory.

Refer to Question 6: Memory.

Refer to Question 6: Memory.

The names Jamal Butt and Haroon Khan replaced the original names for recognition.

Refer to Question 6: Memory.

Participants agreed with the proposed suggestions developed with rationale from the guidelines.

The alternative names chosen by the experts retained the length, familiarity and number of syllables.