Association of traumatic events with levels of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in male asylum seekers and refugees resettled in Italy

Table 1 Socio-demographic and migration characteristics of the included participants (N = 252)

Variable	n	% or mean (SD)
Socio-demographic characteristics
Age, years (mean, SD)		28.7 (7.3)
Sex, male	252	100.0
Marital status
Married	65	25.8
Single/other	187	74.2
Having children
Yes	65	26.0
No	185	74.0
Education, years (mean, SD)		8.0 (5.1)
Education level
Illiterate	45	18.0
Primary School/ junior high school	122	48.8
High School	60	24.0
University degree and above	23	9.2
Country of Origin
Pakistan	121	48.0
Africa	87	34.5
other	44	17.5
Religion
Muslim	201	82.7
Other	42	17.3
Pre- Migration characteristics
Occupational status
Unemployed	34	13.9
Employed	199	81.2
Students	12	4.9
Reason for migration
Terroristic threats	60	23.8
Family/Community problems	47	18.7
Political problems	31	12.3
Religious problems	17	6.7
Other threats	37	14.7
Other	13	5.2
Unknown data	47	18.7
Family’s agreement for departure	172	72.0
Living conditions
Alone	12	4.8
With partner (+/−children)	57	23.0
With parents	143	57.7
Other	36	14.5
Migration characteristics
Time after departures, years (mean, SD)		3.3 (3.2)
Route of arrival
Balkan	108	42.9
Easter Mediterranean	27	10.7
African Mediterranean	83	32.9
Other	34	13.5
Post-Migration characteristics
Detention during migration	88	37.4
Length of stay in Italy, months (mean, SD)		14.1 (22.9)
Legal status
Subsidiary permission	30	11.9
Humanitarian permission	35	13.9
Refugee status	44	17.5
Rejected request	106	42.1
Dublin Convention	8	3.2
Awaiting	17	6.7
Unknown data	12	4.8
Social support
At least good	171	67.9
Fair	61	24.2
At most poor	20	7.9

ISSN: 1471-244X