Table 2 Cox proportional hazard model: Variables associated with developing harm from gambling over 5-year period
Variable | Longitudinal outcome variable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Moderate harm (≥ 2 harms) | Problem gambling (PGSI ≥5) | |||
Hazards ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Hazards ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
QLS sample | ||||
 Mental disorder | 1.6 (1.2–2.2) | .003 | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | .008 |
 SUD | .90 (.6–1.4) | .590 | 1.7 (.90–3.0) | .099 |
 Number of stressful life events | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | .024 | 1.0 (.9–1.6) | .320 |
 Gambling fallacies | .9 (.81–.94) | .000 | .8 (.7–.9) | .000 |
 Number of gambling activities | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | .013 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | .009 |
 Played EGMs or casino table games | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | .000 | 1.6 (.9–2.9) | .079 |
 Low-risk gambling limits exceeded at time 1 | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | .000 | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | .000 |
LLLP sample | ||||
 Mental disorder | 1.8 (1.2–2.6) | .002 | 2.2 (1.0–4.5) | .04 |
 SUD | .8 (.4–1.5) | .472 | 1.3 (.5–3.7) | .64 |
 Number of stressful life events | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | .043 | 1.0 (.9–1.1) | .47 |
 Number of gambling fallacies | .9 (.8–.9) | .018 | .7 (.6–.9) | .01 |
 Number of gambling activities | 1.2 (.96–1.4) | .123 | 1.3 (.96–1.9) | .082 |
 Played EGMs or casino table games | 1.3 (.88–2.0) | .313 | 4.0 (1.1–14.7) | .036 |
 Low-risk gambling limits exceeded at time 1 | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | .021 | 1.4 (.9–2.1) | .064 |