Table 1 Characteristics of patients with schizophrenia, patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), patients with bipolar I disorders (BD), and healthy control subjects

Gender, n (%)

χ² = 7.398

0.060

 Male

36 (57.1)

18 (32.7)

22 (51.2)

44 (47.8)

 Female

27 (42.9)

37 (67.3)

21 (48.8)

48 (52.2)

Age (years)

41.6 ± 8.9

46.3 ± 12.4

44.6 ± 12.3

44.7 ± 10.3

F = 1.988

0.116

Years of education

12.8 ± 2.8

13.0 ± 3.0

12.4 ± 2.7

14.6 ± 2.6

F = 9.347

< 0.001***

Age of onset (years)

25.5 ± 7.8

37.4 ± 12.3

32.9 ± 12.3

–

F = 18.368

< 0.001***

Duration of illness (years)

16.1 ± 9.1

8.9 ± 7.9

11.7 ± 7.7

–

F = 11.197

< 0.001***

 Antidepressant use, n (%)

5 (7.9)

41 (74.5)

11 (25.6)

–

χ² = 59.443

< 0.001***

 Antipsychotics use, n (%)

63 (100)

18 (32.7)

29 (67.4)

–

χ² = 61.424

< 0.001***

  Defined daily dose

1.0 ± 0.9

0.3 ± 0.3

0.7 ± 0.5

F = 6.696

0.002**

  Olanzapine or clozapine

27 (42.9)

0 (0)

3 (10.3)

χ² = 18.654

< 0.001***

  Other antipsychotics

36 (57.1)

18 (100)

26 (89.7)

 Benzodiazepine use, n (%)

39 (61.9)

46 (83.6)

31 (72.1)

–

χ² = 6.886

0.032*

 Mood stabilizers use, n (%)

8 (12.7)

1 (1.8)

29 (67.4)

–

χ² = 64.460

< 0.001***

 PANSS total scores

75.2 ± 19.0

–

–

–

–

–

  Positive symptoms

17.1 ± 5.0

–

–

–

  Negative symptoms

19.2 ± 7.1

–

–

–

  General symptoms

38.9 ± 9.4

–

–

–

 YMRS total scores

–

–

3.4 ± 4.0

–

–

–

 HAMD-17 items total scores

5.9 ± 5.2

7.5 ± 4.5

3.7 ± 3.1

–

F = 8.637

< 0.001***