Exploring factors of diagnostic delay for patients with bipolar disorder: a population-based cohort study

Lublóy, Ágnes; Keresztúri, Judit Lilla; Németh, Attila; Mihalicza, Péter

doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2483-y

BMC Psychiatry

Table 4 Test of proportionality of hazards using Schoenfeld residuals

From: Exploring factors of diagnostic delay for patients with bipolar disorder: a population-based cohort study

Factors		rho	χ²	Sig.
Age categories	18–27	Reference
	28–37	0.010	0.780	0.377
	38–47	0.004	0.120	0.729
	48–57	0.014	1.760	0.185
	58–65	0.033	9.430	0.002 *
Gender	Female	Reference
Gender	Male	0.012	1.250	0.263
First mental health visit	Inpatient	Reference
First mental health visit	Outpatient	0.053	22.820	0.000 ***
First diagnosis with bipolar disorder	Inpatient	Reference
First diagnosis with bipolar disorder	Outpatient	0.012	1.100	0.294
Prior F31 diagnosis, assigned mostly as additional diagnosis (proportion of patients)		0.062	24.820	0.000 ***
Time between prior F31 diagnosis (mostly additional diagnosis) and first F31 diagnosis as defined in this study (years)		0.092	61.380	0.000 ***
Patient was hospitalized with mental problems	No	Reference
Patient was hospitalized with mental problems	Yes	0.009	0.710	0.399
Mania at first presentation	No	Reference
Mania at first presentation	Yes	0.012	1.220	0.270
Inpatient care	alcohol misuse/dependence	0.042	14.220	0.000 **
	illicit drug misuse/dependence	0.010	0.710	0.400
	schizophrenia and related disorders	0.045	14.960	0.000 **
	anxiety disorder	0.023	4.270	0.039 *
	specific, mixed and other personality disorders other than borderline personality disorder, and enduring personality changes	0.032	8.050	0.005 *
	borderline personality disorder	0.014	1.500	0.220
	psychotic depression	0.022	3.820	0.051 †
	unipolar depression without psychotic symptoms	0.036	10.160	0.001 *
	mood affective disorders other than the ones listed above	0.011	1.020	0.314
	organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders	0.001	0.010	0.912
	neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders	0.006	0.250	0.615
	behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors	0.022	3.840	0.050 †
	disorders of adult personality and behavior other than the ones listed above	0.003	0.050	0.831
	mental and behavioural disorders other than the ones listed above	0.030	7.430	0.006 *
	poisoning and toxic substances	0.008	0.510	0.475
	intentional self-harm	0.004	0.110	0.746
Outpatient care	alcohol misuse/dependence	0.035	9.600	0.002 *
	illicit drug misuse/dependence	0.026	5.300	0.021 *
	schizophrenia and related disorders	0.109	87.890	0.000 ***
	anxiety disorder	0.118	109.140	0.000 ***
	specific, mixed and other personality disorders other than borderline personality disorder, and enduring personality changes	0.020	3.420	0.065 †
	borderline personality disorder	0.035	9.610	0.002 *
	psychotic depression	0.017	2.180	0.140
	unipolar depression without psychotic symptoms	0.114	106.590	0.000 ***
	mood affective disorders other than the ones listed above	0.056	25.430	0.000 ***
	organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders	0.017	2.400	0.122
	neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders	0.014	1.580	0.208
	behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors	0.024	4.570	0.033 *
	disorders of adult personality and behavior other than the ones listed above	0.018	2.830	0.092 †
	mental and behavioural disorders other than the ones listed above	0.097	83.440	0.000 ***
	intentional self-harm	0.010	0.840	0.359

† p < 0.1; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001; *** p < 0.0001

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ISSN: 1471-244X

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