Table 3 Mental and physical health burden of probable Gambling Disorder (GD) - men vs. women
Sample | Total sample | Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subgroup (n/%) | no GD (11,640/98.0%) | GD (235/2.0%) | no GD (5912/97.2%) | GD (168/2.8%) | no GD (5728/98.8%) | GD (67/1.2%) | |||
% (n) | % (n) | p | % (n) | % (n) | p | % (n) | % (n) | p | |
DISTRESS | |||||||||
Depression (PHQ9 ≥ 10) | 8.1 (937) | 16.3 (38) | < 0.0001 | 6.3 (370) | 16.8 (28) | < 0.0001 | 9.9 (567) | 15.2 (10) | 0.15 |
General Anxiety Disorder (GAD2 ≥ 3) | 6.6 (759) | 10.8 (25) | 0.016 | 4.9 (288) | 10.8 (18) | 0.002 | 8.3 (471) | 10.9 (7) | 0.49 |
Panic Disorder | 5.0 (575) | 8.7 (20) | 0.021 | 3.6 (212) | 7.9 (13) | 0.010 | 6.4 (363) | 10.4 (7) | 0.20 |
Social Anxiety | 4.9 (565) | 8.2 (19) | 0.031 | 3.7 (217) | 6.6 (11) | 0.06 | 6.1 (348) | 11.9 (8) | 0.07 |
History of Depression | 5.6 (654) | 9.4 (22) | 0.022 | 4.1 (244) | 9.5 (16) | 0.003 | 7.2 (410) | 9.0 (6) | 0.48 |
History of Anxiety Disorder | 3.5 (407) | 6.0 (14) | 0.049 | 2.4 (142) | 4.2 (7) | 0.20 | 4.6 (265) | 10.4 (7) | 0.037 |
Loneliness | 10.6 (1218) | 14.8 (34) | 0.051 | 8.4 (490) | 15.8 (26) | 0.003 | 12.9 (728) | 12.3 (8) | 1.00 |
Disturbed Sleep (JSS4 ≥ 12) | 13.2 (1528) | 17.0 (40) | 0.10 | 10.0 (592) | 16.7 (28) | 0.009 | 16.4 (936) | 17.9 (12) | 0.74 |
Somatic Symptoms (PHQ15 ≥ 10) | 17.2 (1988) | 25.8 (60) | 0.001 | 11.7 (687) | 24.6 (41) | < 0.0001 | 22.9 (1301) | 28.8 (19) | 0.24 |
Mental health status [mean (SD)] | 2.03 (0.64) | 2.17 (0.70) | 0.003 | 1.96 (0.61) | 2.10 (0.69) | 0.008 | 2.12 (0.65) | 2.34 (0.69) | 0.009 |
Physical health status [mean (SD)] | 2.12 (0.60) | 2.23 (0.63) | 0.008 | 2.08 (0.59) | 2.23 (0.63) | 0.002 | 2.16 (0.61) | 2.22 (0.65) | 0.43 |
HEALTH BEHAVIOR | |||||||||
Smoking (yes) | 14.9 (1728) | 28.5 (67) | < 0.0001 | 15.4 (907) | 29.8 (50) | < 0.0001 | 14.4 (821) | 25.4 (17) | 0.021 |
Screen time (> 4 h) | 17.2 (1932) | 25.7 (58) | 0.001 | 19.1 (1087) | 25.0 (40) | 0.07 | 15.3 (845) | 27.3 (18) | 0.015 |
Diabetes | 10.3 (1198) | 10.7 (25) | 0.83 | 12.9 (760) | 12.6 (21) | 1.00 | 7.7 (438) | 6.1 (4) | 0.82 |
Obesity | 25.8 (2997) | 26.4 (62) | 0.82 | 26.9 (1593) | 25.0 (42) | 0.66 | 24.5 (1404) | 29.9 (20) | 0.32 |
BMI [kg/m2, mean (SD)] | 27.5 (5.0) | 27.6 (5.2) | 0.68 | 28.0 (4.4) | 27.8 (5.0) | 0.68 | 27.0 (5.6) | 27.1 (5.6) | 0.81 |
Alcohol abuse (> 60/40 g per day) | 2.3 (273) | 3.0 (7) | 0.51 | 3.1 (185) | 3.6 (6) | 0.65 | 1.5 (88) | 1.5 (1) | 1.00 |
SOMATIC DISEASES | |||||||||
COPD | 4.8 (559) | 8.1 (19) | 0.031 | 4.1 (240) | 8.3 (14) | 0.016 | 5.6 (319) | 7.5 (5) | 0.42 |
CVD | 14.1 (1631) | 15.4 (36) | 0.57 | 17.7 (1039) | 17.3 (29) | 1.00 | 10.4 (592) | 10.6 (7) | 0.84 |
Cancer | 10.7 (1239) | 10.2 (24) | 0.92 | 10.5 (619) | 8.3 (14) | 0.44 | 10.8 (620) | 14.9 (10) | 0.32 |