Table 2 Marginal differences of hospital and county-level characteristics on telepsychiatry adoption
From: Telepsychiatry adoption across hospitals in the United States: a cross-sectional study
Characteristics | Average Marginal Differences | 95% CI | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
HOSPITAL CHARACTERISTICS | ||||
Hospital Location | ||||
 Urban | Ref |  |  |  |
 Rural Micropolitan | 0.1% | −4.0% | 4.3% | 0.95 |
 Rural Noncore | 0.7% | −4.6% | 6.0% | 0.79 |
Provision of Psychiatric Services | Â | |||
 None of Inpatient and Outpatient Psychiatric Services | Ref |  |  |  |
 Inpatient Psychiatric Services Only | 1.1% | −5.1% | 7.2% | 0.73 |
 Outpatient Psychiatric Services Only | 6.5% | 3.7% | 9.4% | <  0.001 |
 Both Inpatient and Outpatient Psychiatric Services | 16.0% | 12.1% | 19.9% | <  0.001 |
Ownership | Â | |||
 Non-federal Public | Ref |  |  |  |
 Private For-Profit | −1.4% | −5.2% | 2.4% | 0.46 |
 Private Non-Profit | −6.9% | −11.7% | −2.0% | <  0.01 |
 Federal Hospitals | 48.9% | 32.5% | 65.3% | <  0.001 |
System Affiliation | Â | |||
 No | Ref |  |  |  |
 Yes | 3.9% | 1.2% | 6.6% | <  0.01 |
Hospital Beds Staffed | Â | |||
 1–25 | Ref |  |  |  |
 26–100 | 2.4% | −1.7% | 6.4% | 0.25 |
 101–225 | 2.1% | −2.7% | 6.9% | 0.39 |
  > 225 | 6.2% | 0.7% | 11.6% | 0.03 |
Ratios of Medicaid Inpatient Days to Total Inpatient Days | Â | |||
  ≤ 7.76% | Ref |  |  |  |
 7.76 -16.67% | 1.6% | −2.1% | 5.2% | 0.40 |
 16.67 -23.61% | 3.1% | −1.4% | 7.6% | 0.18 |
  > 23.61% | 4.9% | 0.3% | 9.4% | 0.04 |
Profit Margins | Â | |||
 Negative Margins | Ref |  |  |  |
 Positive Margins | 1.0% | −1.8% | 3.8% | 0.49 |
 Missing | 4.4% | −0.2% | 9.0% | 0.06 |
COUNTY LEVEL CHARACTERISTICS | Â | |||
County-level Population by Age Groups, Years a | ||||
  < 15 | Ref |  |  |  |
  15–24 | 2.7% | −3.9% | 9.4% | 0.42 |
 25–44 | 7.2% | 0.4% | 14.0% | 0.04 |
 45–64 | 1.3% | −8.2% | 10.8% | 0.79 |
 65–74 | 4.1% | −13.4% | 21.7% | 0.65 |
  > 75 | 1.1% | − 12.8% | 15.0% | 0.88 |
County-level Population by Race/Ethnicity % b | Â | |||
 Non-Hispanic White | Ref |  |  |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | −1.4% | −4.5% | 1.8% | 0.39 |
 American Indian and Alaska Native | −0.7% | −4.4% | 3.1% | 0.73 |
 Hispanic | −1.0% | −2.1% | 0.1% | 0.08 |
 Other | −0.4% | −2.5% | 1.7% | 0.72 |
County-level Population Uninsured, % | Â | |||
  ≤ 7.4% | Ref |  |  |  |
 7.4–10.6% | 1.6% | −1.4% | 4.6% | 0.29 |
 10.6–14.5% | 3.5% | −0.7% | 7.6% | 0.10 |
  > 14.5% | 2.0% | −3.9% | 7.9% | 0.51 |
Designation as a Mental Health Professional Shortage Area | Â | |||
 No | Ref |  |  |  |
 Part | −5.2% | −11.1% | 0.7% | 0.08 |
 Whole | −6.6% | −12.7% | −0.5% | 0.03 |
County-level Total Number of Psychiatrists | Â | |||
 None | Ref |  |  |  |
 1–4 | −2.6% | −7.2% | 1.9% | 0.26 |
  > 4 | −2.7% | −7.6% | 2.2% | 0.28 |
Census Region | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Northeast | Ref |  |  |  |
 South | −1.9% | −6.8% | 2.9% | 0.44 |
 Midwest | −1.0% | −5.1% | 3.2% | 0.65 |
 West | −1.5% | −6.6% | 3.7% | 0.59 |