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Table 2 Method of analyses, loading and structure of factors for included studies (n = 13)

From: A systematic review of the latent structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) amongst adolescents

Author

Method

Cronbach’s alpha

Number of factors

FACTORS

Depressed affect

Positive affect

Somatic

Interpersonal

Did not load

Original paper:

Radloff (1977) [8]

PCFA

 

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,11,13,20

15,19

Barkmann et al. (2008) [11]

CFA

0.67

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,11,13,20

15,19

Li et al. (2010) [18]

CFA

Test: 0.82

Retest: 0.85

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,11,13,20

15,19

Motl et al. (2005) [19]

CFA

NR

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,11,13,20

15,19

Phillips et al. (2006) [20]

CFA

NR

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,11,13,20

15,19

Roberts et al. (1990) [21]

CFA

Male: 0.88

Females: 0.91

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,11,13,20

15, 19

Cheng et al. (2012) [12]

CFA

NR

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,11,13,20

15,19

Crockett et al. (2005) [13]

CFA, EFA

NR

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,11,13,20

15,19

Skriner et al. (2014) [22]

CFA

0.83

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,11,13,20

15,19

7

Tatar et al. (2013) [23]

CFA, EFA

0.74

4

3,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,11,13,20

15,19

7

Faulstich et al. (2016) [15]

PCFA

Age < 13: 0.77

Age 13+: 0.86

3

1,6,9,10,14,17,18

4,8,12,16

2,5,7,11,15,19,20

3, 13

Ghazali et al. (2016) [16]

EFA

0.85

3

9, 10,13,14,15,17,18,19,20

4,8,12,16

1,2,3,5,6,7,11

Heo et al. (2018) [17]

EFA, CFA

0.88

3

3,6,10,11,13,14,15,17,18,19

4,8,12,16

1,2,5,7,9,20

Dardas et al. (2019) [14]

EFA, CFA

0.88

2

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20

4,8,12,16

7, 13

  1. NR not reported in study, PCFA principal component factor analysis, CFA confirmatory factor analysis, EFA exploratory factor analysis