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Table 1 Patient characteristics and service utilization in the 4 hospitalization pattern clusters

From: A sequence analysis of hospitalization patterns and service utilization in patients with major psychiatric disorders in China

 

All

Short stay

Repeated long stay

Long-term stay

Permanent stay

Statistics

Patient characteristics

Number of patients (n(%))

3443 (100)

2741 (79.61)

404 (11.73)

101 (2.93)

197 (5.72)

/

Gender: Male (n(%))

1449 (42.09)

1056 (38.53)

198 (49.01)

59 (58.42)

136 (69.04)

χ2(3) = 91.95, p < 0.001

Age (mean, SD)

42.95 (15.54)

41.45 (15.31)

44.33 (16.04)

53.11 (11.96)

55.7 (10.48)

H(3) = 216.29, p < 0.001

Payment methods (n(%))

     

χ2(6) = 177.57, p < 0.001

 Urban employee insurance

1696 (49.26)

1214 (44.29)

236 (58.42)

79 (78.22)

167 (84.77)

 

 Other insurance

1032 (29.97)

890 (32.47)

101 (25)

15 (14.85)

26 (13.2)

 

 Un-insured

715 (20.77)

637 (23.24)

67 (16.58)

7 (6.93)

4 (2.03)

 

Diagnosis groups (n(%))

     

χ2(6) = 401.61, p < 0.001

 Schizophrenia

1705 (49.52)

1134 (41.37)

289 (71.53)

92 (91.09)

190 (96.45)

 

 Bipolar disorder

890 (25.85)

803 (29.3)

76 (18.81)

6 (5.94)

5 (2.54)

 

 Depression

848 (24.63)

804 (29.33)

39 (9.65)

3 (2.97)

2 (1.02)

 

Charlson Comorbidity Index (at index admission) (n(%))

χ2(6) = 113.63, p < 0.001

 0

2866 (83.24)

2364 (86.25)

312 (77.23)

64 (63.37)

126 (63.96)

 

 1

467 (13.56)

313 (11.42)

70 (17.33)

29 (28.71)

55 (27.92)

 

  > 1

110 (3.19)

64 (2.33)

22 (5.45)

8 (7.92)

16 (8.12)

 

Hospitals (n(%))

     

χ2(6) = 823.45, p < 0.001

 Hospital 1

1471 (42.72)

1307 (47.68)

150 (37.13)

11 (10.89)

3 (1.52)

 

 Hospital 2

1041 (30.24)

551 (20.1)

209 (51.73)

87 (86.14)

194 (98.48)

 

 Hospital 3

931 (27.04)

883 (32.21)

45 (11.14)

3 (2.97)

0 (0)

 

Psychiatric service utilization

Single admission (n(%))

2169 (63.00)

2073 (75.63)

96 (23.76)

1 (0.99)

0 (0.00)

χ2(3) = 961.77, p < 0.001

Admission frequency (mean (SD))

1.93 (1.82)

1.32 (0.65)

2.48 (1.43)

4.66 (1.54)

7.79 (1.67)a

H(3) = 1078.37, p < 0.001

Length of stay (LOS, in days, mean (SD))

 LOS in the 1st year

76.21 (92.27)

40.48 (22.25)

140.21 (83.21)

236.1 (118.71)

360.18 (25.18)

H(3) = 1388.71, p < 0.001

 LOS in the 2nd year

32.09 (90.78)

3.02 (10.78)

28.47 (45.55)

195.29 (92.61)

360.29 (24.79)

H(3) = 871.52, p < 0.001

 LOS in the 3rd year

29.12 (88.51)

2.8 (11.16)

21.71 (40.56)

161.77 (150.62)

342.48 (57.64)

H(3) = 707.04, p < 0.001

 Total LOS in 3 years

137.42 (253.39)

46.3 (27.95)

190.38 (85.28)

593.16 (107.89)

1062.95 (76.6)

H(3) = 1662.68, p < 0.001

 Cumulative psychiatric hospital days (n(%))

473,137 (100)

126,911 (26.82)

76,915 (16.26)

59,909 (12.66)

209,402 (44.26)

/

Psychiatric hospitalization expense (in 2017 RMB, mean (SD))

 Daily expenseb

541.69 (181.84)

556.7 (196.66)

462.09 (90.35)

492.18 (76.31)

521.46 (49.14)

H(3) = 169.36, p < 0.001

 Total expense

70,194.39 (131,864.89)

24,586.9 (15,689.07)

87,743.86 (43,141.05)

293,584.63 (74,912.52)

554,243.83 (65,508.78)

H(3) = 1593.54, p < 0.001

 Cumulative psychiatric hospital expense (in million RMB) (n(%))

241.68 (100)

67.39 (27.89)

35.45 (14.66)

29.65 (12.27)

109.19 (45.18)

/

Psychiatric readmission

Same-day readmission (n(%))

346 (10.05)

66 (2.41)

53 (13.12)

40 (39.60)

187 (94.92)

χ2(3) = 1800, p < 0.001

30-day readmission (n(%))

480 (13.94)

139 (5.07)

107 (26.49)

42 (41.58)

192 (97.46)

χ2(3) = 1400, p < 0.001

365-day readmission (n(%))

862 (25.04)

381 (13.90)

217 (53.71)

67 (66.34)

197 (100.00)

χ2(3) = 978.08, p < 0.001

Non-psychiatric service utilization

Patients with non-psychiatric admission (n(%))

579 (16.82)

503 (18.35)

54 (13.37)

11 (10.89)

11 (5.58)

χ2(3) = 28.36, p < 0.001

Total LOS (in 3 years) (mean (SD))c

21.15 (37.82)

21.41 (39.71)

17.59 (15.35)

25.45 (40.67)

22.36 (22.91)

H(3) = 1.20, p = 0.75

Daily expense (mean (SD))bc

1768.29 (2584.86)

1793.95 (2666.45)

1557.12 (2232.81)

1647.81 (1169.43)

1751.99 (1091.22)

H(3) = 4.37, p = 0.22

Total expense (in 3 years) (mean (SD))c

29,614.47 (45,746.36)

30,086.12 (47,101.62)

23,005.42 (33,434.24)

29,057.69 (35,209.69)

41,048.84 (45,081.99)

H(3) = 1.55, p = 0.67

Proportion of non-psychiatric expense/the total expense (mean (SD)) dc

40.66%(26.58%)

44.35%(26.05%)

19.34%(14.90%)

10.47%(11.39%)

6.53%(6.57%)

H(3) = 89.96, p < 0.001

  1. aThe admissions in permanent stay cluster were almost all same-day readmissions (mostly planned and for administrative reasons) since the patients in this cluster tended to stay permanently in the hospital (Fig. 1)
  2. bThe daily expense was calculated for each patient as total psychiatric/non-psychiatric expenses of 3 years divided by the total psychiatric/non-psychiatric hospital days
  3. cThis indicator was calculated for patients with non-psychiatric admission in the 3-year observation period
  4. dThe proportion of the non-psychiatric expense in the total expense was calculated as total non-psychiatric expense/(total psychiatric expense + total non-psychiatric expense)*100%
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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