Table 3 Logistic regression estimates for cognitive impairment by background characteristics among older adults in India
Variables | Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Self-perceived income sufficiency | ||||
 Has income and fully sufficient | Ref. |  |  | Ref. |
 Has income and partially sufficient | 1.92*(1.69,2.19) |  |  | 1.39*(1.21,1.59) |
 Has income and not sufficient | 2.37*(1.92,2.92) |  |  | 1.34*(1.07,1.68) |
 No income | 1.50*(1.30,1.72) |  |  | 1.25*(1.07,1.45) |
Working status (last one year) | ||||
 Never worked | Ref. |  |  | Ref. |
 Currently working | 0.84*(0.74,0.97) |  |  | 0.88 (0.76,1.02) |
 Retired | 0.64*(0.53,0.77) |  |  | 0.77*(0.63,0.94) |
Educational status | ||||
 No education | Ref. |  |  | Ref. |
 Below 5 years | 0.74*(0.65,0.83) |  |  | 0.69*(0.6,0.79) |
 6 to 10 years | 0.40*(0.36,0.45) |  |  | 0.45*(0.39,0.52) |
 11+ years | 0.27*(0.22,0.32) |  |  | 0.28*(0.22,0.35) |
Marital status | ||||
 Not in union | Ref. |  |  | Ref. |
 Currently in union | 0.80*(0.72,0.89) |  |  | 0.84*(0.75,0.95) |
Asset ownership | ||||
 No | Ref. |  |  | Ref. |
 Yes | 0.71*(0.63,0.81) |  |  | 0.83*(0.72,0.95) |
Age group (in years) | ||||
 60–69 | Ref. |  |  | Ref. |
 70–79 | 1.65*(1.48,1.84) |  |  | 1.48*(1.32,1.66) |
 80+ | 2.38*(2,20.83) |  |  | 1.92*(1.59,2.32) |
Sex | ||||
 Men | Ref. |  |  | Ref. |
 Women | 0.91 (0.81,1.03) |  |  | 1.04 (0.92,1.18) |
Co-residing with children | ||||
 No | Ref. |  |  | Ref. |
 Yes | 0.96 (0.87,1.07) |  |  | 0.95 (0.85,1.07) |
Self-rated health | ||||
 Good |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |
 Poor |  | 1.75*(1.60,1.92) |  | 1.28*(1.15,1.42) |
IADL | ||||
 High |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |
 Low |  | 1.72*(1.58,1.88) |  | 1.26*(1.13,1.40) |
ADL | ||||
 High |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |
 Low |  | 2.19*(1.76,2.72) |  | 1.91*(1.51,2.42) |
Subjective well-being | ||||
 High |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |
 Low |  | 1.57*(1.40,1.77) |  | 1.13*(1.04,1.29) |
Psychological health | ||||
 High |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |
 Low |  | 1.56*(1.37,1.77) |  | 1.58*(1.37,1.82) |
Wealth status | ||||
 Poorest |  |  | Ref. | Ref. |
 Poorer |  |  | 0.88 (0.76,1.02) | 1.08 (0.92,1.27) |
 Middle |  |  | 0.64*(0.55,0.75) | 0.93 (0.78,1.11) |
 Richer |  |  | 0.43*(0.37,0.51) | 0.71*(0.59,0.86) |
 Richest |  |  | 0.32*(0.27,0.38) | 0.69*(0.56,0.85) |
Religion | ||||
 Hindu |  |  | Ref. | Ref. |
 Muslims |  |  | 1.21 (0.99,1.47) | 0.90 (0.73,1.11) |
 Sikh |  |  | 1.04 (0.84,1.30) | 0.93 (0.73,1.17) |
 Others |  |  | 1.27*(1.01,1.59) | 1.30*(1.02,1.65) |
Caste | ||||
 Scheduled Caste |  |  | Ref. | Ref. |
 Scheduled Tribe |  |  | 0.85 (0.68,1.08) | 1.01 (0.79,1.29) |
 Other Backward Class |  |  | 0.89 (0.77,1.02) | 0.98 (0.84,1.14) |
 Others |  |  | 0.82*(0.72,0.93) | 0.96 (0.84,1.11) |
Place of residence | ||||
 Rural |  |  | Ref. | Ref. |
 Urban |  |  | 0.80*(0.72,0.88) | 0.90 (0.81,1.01) |
State | ||||
 Himachal Pradesh |  |  | Ref. | Ref. |
 Punjab |  |  | 1.33*(1.09,1.63) | 1.16 (0.93,1.44) |
 West Bengal |  |  | 4.14*(3.42,5.02) | 4.40*(3.55,5.45) |
 Orissa |  |  | 1.64*(1.39,1.95) | 1.65*(1.37,1.99) |
 Maharashtra |  |  | 1.04 (0.88,1.23) | 1.15 (0.96,1.38) |
 Kerala |  |  | 2.09*(1.75,2.5) | 2.35*(1.93,2.87) |
 Tamil Nadu |  |  | 0.57*(0.48,0.69) | 0.59*(0.48,0.72) |
Pseudo R-Square | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.17 |
Negelkerke R-Square | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.28 |