Table 1 Demographics and selected clinical characteristics of overall patient population and study cohorts
Overall Population | None/Minimal | Mild | Moderate | Moderately Severe | Severe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
280,145 (100) | 75,227 (26.9) | 45,857 (16.4) | 69,325 (24.7) | 54,772 (19.6) | 34,964 (12.5) | |
Age (years) | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 48.0 (17.6) | 53.7 (17.2) | 48.8 (17.5) | 47.1 (17.6) | 44.0 (16.9) | 42.6 (15.9) |
Age distribution | ||||||
18–25 years | 36,211 (12.9) | 5410 (7.2) | 5192 (11.3) | 9608 (13.9) | 9653 (17.6) | 6348 (18.2) |
26–34 years | 40,319 (14.4) | 7357 (9.8) | 6354 (13.9) | 10,690 (15.4) | 9480 (17.3) | 6438 (18.4) |
35–44 years | 44,813 (16.0) | 10,095 (13.4) | 7605 (16.6) | 11,296 (16.3) | 9407 (17.2) | 6410 (18.3) |
45–54 years | 49,505 (17.7) | 12,890 (17.1) | 8131 (17.7) | 11,988 (17.3) | 9795 (17.9) | 6701 (19.2) |
55–64 years | 53,410 (19.1) | 16,422 (21.8) | 8986 (19.6) | 12,590 (18.2) | 9531 (17.4) | 5881 (16.8) |
65+ years | 55,887 (19.9) | 23,053 (30.6) | 9589 (20.9) | 13,153 (19.0) | 6906 (12.6) | 3186 (9.1) |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 202,990 (72.5) | 54,572 (72.5) | 33,256 (72.5) | 49,886 (72.0) | 39,766 (72.6) | 25,510 (73.0) |
Male | 77,155 (27.5) | 20,655 (27.5) | 12,601 (27.5) | 19,439 (28.0) | 15,006 (27.4) | 9454 (27.0) |
Race | ||||||
Caucasian | 238,847 (85.3) | 66,866 (88.9) | 39,905 (87.0) | 58,925 (85.0) | 45,316 (82.7) | 27,835 (79.6) |
African American | 21,961 (7.8) | 4789 (6.4) | 3000 (6.5) | 5270 (7.6) | 5036 (9.2) | 3866 (11.1) |
Asian | 2475 (0.9) | 530 (0.7) | 390 (0.9) | 619 (0.9) | 534 (1.0) | 402 (1.1) |
Other | 16,862 (6.0) | 3042 (4.0) | 2562 (5.6) | 4511 (6.5) | 3886 (7.1) | 2861 (8.2) |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic | 245,525 (87.6) | 68,592 (91.2) | 40,764 (88.9) | 59,055 (85.2) | 47,260 (86.3) | 29,854 (85.4) |
Hispanic | 12,915 (4.6) | 2183 (2.9) | 1991 (4.3) | 3232 (4.7) | 3312 (6.0) | 2197 (6.3) |
Unknown | 21,705 (7.7) | 4452 (5.9) | 3102 (6.8) | 7038 (10.2) | 4200 (7.7) | 2913 (8.3) |
US geographic region | ||||||
Midwest | 177,679 (63.4) | 51,231 (68.1) | 29,178 (63.6) | 41,902 (60.4) | 33,758 (61.6) | 21,610 (61.8) |
Northeast | 20,950 (7.5) | 6289 (8.4) | 4162 (9.1) | 4776 (6.9) | 3582 (6.5) | 2141 (6.1) |
South | 41,404 (14.8) | 9618 (12.8) | 6520 (14.2) | 10,964 (15.8) | 8985 (16.4) | 5317 (15.2) |
West | 27,161 (9.7) | 4953 (6.6) | 4123 (9.0) | 8583 (12.4) | 5603 (10.2) | 3899 (11.2) |
Other/unknown | 12,951 (4.6) | 3136 (4.2) | 1874 (4.1) | 3100 (4.5) | 2844 (5.2) | 1997 (5.7) |
Insurance type | ||||||
Commercial | 72,587 (25.9) | 16,111 (21.4) | 10,039 (21.9) | 20,285 (29.3) | 16,244 (29.7) | 9908 (28.3) |
Medicaid | 11,682 (4.2) | 1467 (2.0) | 1354 (3.0) | 3242 (4.7) | 3095 (5.7) | 2524 (7.2) |
Medicare | 28,535 (10.2) | 11,406 (15.2) | 4162 (9.1) | 6732 (9.7) | 4050 (7.4) | 2185 (6.2) |
Multiple | 107,215 (38.3) | 32,404 (43.1) | 19,914 (43.4) | 24,474 (35.3) | 18,387 (33.6) | 12,036 (34.4) |
Other payer types | 4267 (1.5) | 1049 (1.4) | 669 (1.5) | 1027 (1.5) | 890 (1.6) | 632 (1.8) |
Uninsured | 2592 (0.9) | 302 (0.4) | 278 (0.6) | 695 (1.0) | 746 (1.4) | 571 (1.6) |
Missing | 18,271 (6.5) | 3384 (4.5) | 3094 (6.7) | 4661 (6.7) | 4520 (8.3) | 2612 (7.5) |
Unknown | 34,996 (12.5) | 9104 (12.1) | 6347 (13.8) | 8209 (11.8) | 6840 (12.5) | 4496 (12.9) |
Smoking status | ||||||
Current smoker | 77,927 (27.8) | 16,745 (22.3) | 11,424 (24.9) | 19,764 (28.5) | 17,299 (31.6) | 12,695 (36.3) |
Non-smoker | 77,626 (27.7) | 22,181 (29.5) | 13,424 (29.3) | 18,348 (26.5) | 14,847 (27.1) | 8826 (25.2) |
History of smoking | 124,592 (44.5) | 36,301 (48.3) | 21,009 (45.8) | 31,213 (45.0) | 22,626 (41.3) | 13,443 (38.4) |
Past suicidal ideation | 4443 (1.6) | 723 (1.0) | 548 (1.2) | 915 (1.3) | 964 (1.8) | 1293 (3.7) |
Past suicide attempt | 1451 (0.5) | 265 (0.4) | 229 (0.5) | 326 (0.5) | 327 (0.6) | 304 (0.9) |
Elixhauser index score | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 13.4 (14.2) | 14.6 (14.9) | 13.4 (14.2) | 13.2 (14.3) | 12.5 (13.6) | 12.4 (13.4) |
Psychiatric comorbiditiesa | ||||||
Anxiety disorders | 143,705 (51.3) | 33,819 (45.0) | 23,609 (51.5) | 35,923 (51.8) | 29,908 (54.6) | 20,446 (58.5) |
Sleep-wake disorders | 43,787 (15.6) | 12,651 (16.8) | 7414 (16.2) | 10,979 (15.8) | 7893 (14.4) | 4850 (13.9) |
Caffeine and nicotine addictions | 38,999 (13.9) | 8086 (10.7) | 5716 (12.5) | 10,188 (14.7) | 8790 (16.0) | 6219 (17.8) |
Trauma-and-stressor-related disorders | 26,747 (9.5) | 5547 (7.4) | 4410 (9.6) | 6534 (9.4) | 5859 (10.7) | 4397 (12.6) |
All other substances addiction (non-caffeine and tobacco) | 17,926 (6.4) | 3796 (5.0) | 2968 (6.5) | 4336 (6.3) | 3887 (7.1) | 2939 (8.4) |
Depression treatment | ||||||
Antidepressant | 215,130 (76.8) | 55,463 (73.7) | 34,269 (74.7) | 53,443 (77.1) | 43,804 (80.0) | 28,151 (80.5) |
Psychotherapy | 49,527 (17.7) | 10,867 (14.4) | 9526 (20.2) | 11,769 (17.0) | 10,166 (18.6) | 7469 (21.4) |