Problem-solving training as an active ingredient of treatment for youth depression: a scoping review and exploratory meta-analysis

Table 2 Study Characteristics—Clinical Trials of Stand-Alone PST

Study	Country	N ^a	Participant age range (mean) in years	% female	Diagnostic status	% with elevated depressive symptoms	Recruitment Setting	Conditions	N sessions	Outcome considered for meta-analysis	Risk of Bias
Eskin et al. [43]	Turkey	53	N/A (19.1)	70	Diag. (Dep)	100	Community	1. PST 2. Waitlist	6	BDI (Prim)	High
Hoek et al. [44]	Netherlands	45	12–21 (16.1)	76	Elev. (Anx or Dep)	80	Community	1. PST 2. Waitlist	5	CES-D (Prim)	Some concerns
Parker et al. [45]	Australia	176	15–25 (17.6)	61	Elev. (various)	54	Clinical	1. PST ^c 2. SUP ^c	6	BDI-II (Prim)	Some concerns
Michelson et al. [46]	India	251	12–20 (15.6)	30	Elev. (various)	53^b	Community	1. PST 2. PST via booklets only	5	SDQ emotional symptoms (Sec)	Low

Note. BDI: Beck Depression Inventory [67]; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [68]; Diag.: Diagnosis; Elev.: elevated symptoms; Prim: defined as a primary outcome in the primary study; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [69]; Sec: defined as a secondary outcome in the primary study; SUP: supportive counselling
^aThe total sample size reported is the number of participants randomized to intervention and control conditions
^bThis study assessed broader emotional symptoms, rather than depressive symptoms, via the SDQ’s emotional symptoms subscale
^cDelivered with adjunctive behavioural activation or psychoeducation in a factorial 2 × 2 design

ISSN: 1471-244X