Table 2 Observational studies

Abood, 2009 [30]

UK

Medical doctors

N = 47

Self-harm

Quantitative

Anderson, 2017 [31]

USA

Medical doctors

N = 80

Eating disorder

Quantitative

Arbanas, 2019 [32]

Croatia

Health professionals

N = 387

Mixed

Quantitative

Artis, 2013 [33]

UK

Emergency personnel

N = 10

Self-harm

Qualitative

Arvaniti, 2009 [34]

Greece

Health professionals and health care students

N = 592

Mixed

Quantitative

Avery, 2019 [35]

USA

Medical doctors

N = 411

Dual diagnosis

Quantitative

Bannatyne, 2017 [36]

Australia

Health care students

N = 126

Eating disorder

Quantitative

Bell, 2010 [37]

Australia, Belgium, India, Finland, Estonia, Latvia

Pharmacy students

N = 649

Schizophrenia

Quantitative

Bell, 2008 [38]

Australia, Belgium, India, Finland, Estonia, Latvia

Pharmacy students

N = 642

Mixed

Quantitative

Bjorkman, 2008 [39]

Sweden

Nurses

N = 120

Mixed

Quantitative

Brunero, 2017 [40]

Australia

Nurses

N = 16

Mixed

Qualitative

Castillejos, 2019 [41]

Spain

General practitioners

N = 145

Mixed

Quantitative

Ceylan, 2019 [42]

Turkey

Nurses

N = 186

Schizophrenia

Quantitative

Chapman, 2014 [43]

Australia

Emergency Personnel

N = 186

Self-harm

Quantitative

Clifton, 2016 [44]

UK

Health professionals

N = 85

Mixed

Qualitative

Conlon, 2012 [45]

Ireland

Emergency personnel

N = 87

Self-harm

Quantitative

Crapanzano, 2018 [46]

USA

Medical doctors

N = 96

Depression

Quantitative

Currin, 2009 [47]

UK

General practitioners

N = 154

Eating disorders

Quantitative

Cutler, 2009 [48]

USA

Medical students

N = 47

Mixed

Qualitative

Dixon, 2008 [49]

UK

Medical students

N = 1081

Mixed

Quantitative

Ewalds-Kvist, 2013 [50]

Sweden

Nursing students

N = 246

Mixed

Quantitative

Gawley, 2011 [51]

Canada

Health care students

N = 309

Depression

Quantitative

Giannetti, 2018 [52]

USA

Pharmacists

N = 239

Mixed

Quantitative

Gordon, 2012 [53]

UK

Emergency personnel

N = 32

Mixed

Quantitative

Granados-Gamez, 2017 [54]

Spain

Nursing students

N = 194

Mixed

Quantitative

Happell, 2008 [55]

Australia

Nursing students

N = 148

Mixed

Quantitative

Happell, 2018 [56]

Australia, Ireland, Finland, Norway, Netherland

Nursing students

N = 423

Mixed

Quantitative

Heyward-Chaplin, 2018 [57]

UK

Health professionals

N = 59

Self-harm

Quantitative

Ihalainen-Tamlander, 2016 [58]

Finland

Nurses

N = 218

Mixed

Quantitative

Janouskova, 2017 [59]

The Czech Republic

Health professionals and health care students

N = 308

Mixed

Quantitative

Jones, 2009 [60]

USA

Medical doctors

N = 51

Mixed

Quantitative

Koning, 2018 [61]

Australia

Emergency personnel

N = 15

Self-harm

Qualitative

Thongpriwan, 2015 [62]

USA

Nursing students

N = 229

Mixed

Quantitative

Kopera, 2015 [63]

Polonia

Health professionals and health care students

N = 57

Mixed

Quantitative

Korszun, 2012 [64]

UK

Medical students

N = 760

Mixed

Quantitative

Kuzman, 2014 [65]

The Czech Republic

Medical students

N = 199

Mixed

Quantitative

Leddy, 2009 [66]

USA

Medical doctors

N = 504

Eating disorder

Quantitative

Liekens, 2012 [67]

Belgium

Pharmacists

N = 149

Depression

Quantitative

Magliano, 2011 [68]

Italy

Medical students

N = 194

Schizophrenia

Quantitative

Magliano, 2017 [69]

Italy

General practitioners

N = 387

Schizophrenia

Quantitative

McCann, 2018 [70]

Australia

Emergency personnel

N = 1230

Dual diagnosis

Quantitative

McCarthy, 2010 [71]

Ireland

Emergency Personnel

N = 68

Self-harm

Quantitative

Morral, 2016 [72]

UK

Pharmacists

N = 351

Mixed

Quantitative

Muehlenkamp, 2013 [73]

Belgium

Health professionals

N = 342

Self-harm

Quantitative

Nash, 2013 [13]

UK

Emergency personnel

N = 39

Mixed

Qualitative

Nauta, 2019 [74]

Netherlands

Medical doctors

N = 187

Mixed

Quantitative

Neauport, 2012 [75]

France

Medical doctors

N = 322

Mixed

Quantitative

Noonan, 2018 [76]

Ireland

Midwifes

N = 157

Mixed

Quantitative

Nutt, 2017 [77]

Scotland

Health professionals

N = 113

Dual diagnosis

Quantitative

O’Reilly, 2012 [78]

Australia

Health professionals and health care students

N = 23

Mixed

Qualitative

O’Reilly, 2015 [79]

Australia

Pharmacists

N = 188

Schizophrenia

Quantitative

Peitl, 2011 [80]

Croatia

Health professionals and health care students

N = 151

Mixed

Quantitative

Perboell, 2015 [81]

Denmark

Emergency personnel

N = 122

Self-harm

Quantitative

Prener, 2015 [82]

USA

Emergency personnel

N = 20

Mixed

Qualitative

Rai, 2019 [83]

UK

Medical doctors

N = 37

Self-harm

Mixed methods

Rao, 2009 [84]

UK

Health professionals

N = 108

Dual diagnosis

Quantitative

Raveneau, 2014 [85]

USA

Health professionals

N = 82

Eating disorder

Quantitative

Reavley, 2014 [86]

Australia

Health professionals

N = 1536

Mixed

Quantitative

Rickles, 2010 [87]

USA

Pharmacists

N = 292

Mixed

Quantitative

Sandhu, 2019 [88]

Canada

Health professionals and health care students

N = 538

Schizophrenia

Quantitative

Schafer, 2011 [89]

UK

Nursing students

N = 288

Mixed

Quantitative

Schmidt, 2017 [90]

Netherlands

General practitioners

N = 63

Mixed

Quantitative

Serafini, 2011 [91]

Italy

Health professionals and health care students

N = 202

Schizophrenia

Quantitative

Shefer, 2014 [15]

UK

Emergency personnel

N = 39

Mixed

Qualitative

Stumbo, 2018 [92]

USA

General practitioners

N = 597

Mixed

Mixed methods

Treloar, 2009 [93]

Australia

Emergency personnel

N = 140

Borderline personality disorder

Qualitative

Van Nieuwenhui, 2013 [94]

UK

Emergency personnel

N = 25

Mixed

Qualitative

Volmer, 2008 [95]

Estonia

Pharmacy students

N = 157

Schizophrenia

Quantitative

Weare, 2019 [96]

Australia

Nurses

N = 40

Mixed

Quantitative

Winkler, 2016 [97]

The Czech Republic

Medical doctors

N = 3010

Mixed

Quantitative

Woollaston, 2008 [98]

UK

Nurses

N = 6

Borderline personality disorder

Qualitative

Yildirim, 2015 [99]

Turkey

Physiotherapy students

N = 524

Mixed

Quantitative

Zolnierek, 2012 [100]

USA

Nurses

N = 1

Mixed

Qualitative