Table 1 Characteristics of 288 people who use drugs, stratified by PROMIS Emotional Distress – Depression score
Characteristic | Moderate – Severe Depressive Symptomsa n (%) n = 76 (26.4%) | No – Mild Depressive Symptomsa n (%) n = 212 (73.6%) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p - value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Average pain severitya | ||||
 Median (IQR) | 6 (5–7) | 6 (4–7) | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 0.218 |
Average pain interferenceb | ||||
 Median (IQR) | 6 (4–7) | 4 (1–6) | 1.19 (1.08–1.31) | < 0.001 |
PTSDc | ||||
 Yes | 53 (69.7) | 75 (35.4) | 4.21 (2.39–7.40) | < 0.001 |
 No | 23 (30.3) | 137 (64.6) |  |  |
Anxietya | ||||
 Moderate – Severe | 56 (73.7) | 34 (16.0) | 14.66 (7.82–27.49) | < 0.001 |
 None – Mild | 20 (26.3) | 178 (84.0) |  |  |
Age | ||||
 ≥ Median | 29 (38.2) | 114 (53.8) | 0.53 (0.31–0.91) | 0.028 |
 < Median | 47 (61.8) | 98 (46.2) |  |  |
Sex | ||||
 Male | 46 (60.5) | 144 (67.9) | 0.72 (0.42–1.25) | 0.305 |
 Female | 30 (39.5) | 68 (32.1) |  |  |
Race | ||||
 White | 35 (46.0) | 96 (45.3) | 1.03 (0.61–1.75) | 1.000 |
 BIPOC or other | 41 (54.0) | 116 (54.7) |  |  |
Highest education completed | ||||
 ≥ High school | 32 (42.1) | 112 (52.8) | 0.65 (0.38–1.10) | 0.141 |
 < High school | 44 (57.9) | 100 (47.2) |  |  |
Homelessd | ||||
 Yes | 15 (19.7) | 23 (10.8) | 2.02 (0.99–4.12) | 0.077 |
 No | 61 (80.3) | 189 (89.2) |  |  |
Incarceratedd | ||||
 Yes | 6 (7.9) | 6 (2.8) | 2.94 (0.92–9.42) | 0.118 |
 No | 70 (92.1) | 206 (97.2) |  |  |
≥ Daily heroin used | ||||
 Yes | 23 (30.3) | 40 (18.9) | 1.87 (1.03–3.39) | 0.057 |
 No | 53 (69.7) | 172 (81.1) |  |  |
≥ Daily stimulant used | ||||
 Yes | 42 (55.3) | 75 (35.4) | 2.26 (1.33–3.84) | 0.004 |
 No | 34 (44.7) | 137 (64.6) |  |  |
≥ Daily non-medical prescription opioid used | ||||
 Yes | 3 (4.0) | 4 (1.9) | 2.14 (0.47–9.78) | 0.385 |
 No | 73 (96.0) | 208 (98.1) |  |  |
≥ Daily cannabis used | ||||
 Yes | 21 (27.6) | 51 (24.1) | 1.21 (0.67–2.18) | 0.643 |
 No | 55 (72.4) | 161 (75.9) |  |  |
Heavy alcohol used | ||||
 Yes | 15 (19.7) | 22 (10.4) | 2.12 (1.04–4.35) | 0.058 |
 No | 61 (80.3) | 190 (89.6) |  |  |
Overdosed | ||||
 Yes | 17 (22.4) | 24 (11.3) | 2.26 (1.14–4.49) | 0.030 |
 No | 59 (77.6) | 188 (88.7) |  |  |
Binge drug used | ||||
 Yes | 37 (48.7) | 55 (25.9) | 2.71 (1.57–4.67) | < 0.001 |
 No | 39 (51.3) | 157 (74.1) |  |  |
Injection drug used | ||||
 Yes | 56 (73.7) | 121 (57.1) | 2.11 (1.18–3.76) | 0.016 |
 No | 20 (26.3) | 91 (42.9) |  |  |
Inability to access addiction treatmentd | ||||
 Yes | 4 (5.3) | 3 (1.4) | 3.87 (0.85–17.71) | 0.082 |
 No | 72 (94.7) | 209 (98.6) |  |  |
Barriers to accessing healthcared | ||||
 Yes | 19 (25.0) | 32 (15.1) | 1.88 (0.99–3.56) | 0.077 |
 No | 57 (75.0) | 180 (84.9) |  |  |
Currently on pain medication | ||||
 Yes | 27 (35.5) | 117 (55.2) | 0.45 (0.26–0.77) | 0.005 |
 No | 49 (64.5) | 95 (44.8) |  |  |