Fig. 1

Models that explain the relationship between depression, fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. Note: Figure 1a Hypothesis A: Triad of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. Figure 1b Hypothesis B: Post-traumatic stress influences depression. Figure 1c Hypothesis C: Fear of COVID-19 influences depression, while anxiety and post-traumatic stress are mediators. Figure 1d Hypothesis D: Anxiety influences depression and post-traumatic stress is a mediator. Figure 1e Hypothesis E: Fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress are related to depression