The interplay between multisite pain and insomnia on the risk of anxiety and depression: the HUNT study

BMC Psychiatry

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by number of chronic musculoskeletal pain sites

Variables	No chronic pain	Number of chronic pain sites
Variables	No chronic pain	1–2 pain sites	3–4 pain sites	≥5 pain sites
Participants, no.	9380	4161	2865	1895
Age, mean (SD) [range], years	50.2 (13.6) [19–89]	52.9 (12.5) [19–87]	54.4 (11.7) [19–85]	56.2 (10.5) [21–90]
Females, % (no.)	53.4 (5011)	53.6 (2231)	65.9 (1888)	74.1 (1404)
Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m²	26.6 (4.0)	27.1 (4.1)	27.8 (4.4)	28.3 (4.6)
Inactive, % (no.)^a	16.1 (1.514)	17.8 (740)	17.4 (500)	18.9 (358)
Insomnia, % (no.)^b	2.4 (230)	3.5 (146)	7.1 (205)	11.0 (210)
Current smoker, % (no.)	10.8 (1.011)	13.1 (544)	15.5 (444)	19.0 (360)
Possible alcohol abuse, % (no.)^c	6.7 (625)	6.8 (285)	5.9 (168)	5.2 (98)
Comorbid conditions, % (no.)^d	14.3 (1344)	25.9 (1078)	37.8 (1082)	58.6 (1110)
Cardiovascular disease, % (no.)	6.1 (574)	7.4 (307)	8.7 (250)	11.9 (226)
Diabetes, % (no.)	2.7 (256)	3.0 (125)	3.8 (110)	5.8 (110)
Rheumatic/degenerative joint disease, % (no.)	4.1 (380)	15.7 (653)	27.4 (784)	46.0 (871)
Cancer, % (no.)	3.8 (358)	4.6 (190)	5.4 (154)	6.4 (122)

SD standard deviation
^aPhysical activity less than once per week; ^bAt least one nighttime insomnia symptom (‘difficulty falling asleep’, ‘difficulty maintaining sleep’, or ‘waking up too early’) accompanied by daytime sleepiness; ^cScore ≥ 2 on the CAGE questionnaire; ^dAny of the following: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, rheumatic disease, degenerative joint disease

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