Table 3 Associations of SAPS scores (PSU symptoms) and high smartphone usage time (> 2 h/d) with SDQ scores (behavioural difficulties) (N = 564)

Mean (sd)

7.83 (1.74)

3.50 (2.12)

2.30 (2.21)

1.71 (1.38)

2.14 (1.68)

Simple Regression

  SAPS score (PSU symptoms)

b

-0.05

0.11

0.11

0.06

0.03

CI 95%

-0.07—-0.03

0.09 – 0.14

0.08 – 0.13

0.05 – 0.08

0.01 – 0.05

ß

-0.19

0.36

0.33

0.31

0.11

t

-4.59

8.99

8.67

7.68

2.71

p

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

0.007

R²

0.10

0.15

0.22

0.14

0.04

F

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

  high smartphone usage time (> 2 h/d)

b

-0.19

0.39

0.41

0.41

0.19

CI 95%

-0.51 – 0.12

-0.001 – 0.78

0.02 – 0.80

0.16 – 0.66

-0.12 – 0.50

ß

-0.05

0.09

0.09

0.14

0.05

t

-1.21

1.96

2.08

3.19

1.19

p

0.22

0.05

0.04

0.001

0.23

R²

0.07

0.04

0.12

0.06

0.03

F

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

0.004

Multiple Regression

  SAPS score (PSU symptoms)

b

-0.05

0.11

0.11

0.06

0.03

CI 95%

-0.07—-0.03

0.09 – 0.14

0.08 – 0.13

0.04 – 0.08

0.01 – 0.05

ß

-0.18

0.35

0.33

0.29

0.11

t

-4.43

8.75

8.40

7.20

2.53

p

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

0.01

  high smartphone usage time (> 2 h/d)

b

-0.06

0.07

0.11

0.23

0.11

CI 95%

-0.38 – 0.26

-0.30 – 0.44

-0.27 – 0.48

-0.01 – 0.48

-0.20 – 0.43

ß

-0.02

0.01

0.02

0.08

0.03

t

-0.36

0.37

0.56

1.89

0.69

p

0.71

0.71

0.57

0.06

0.49

R²

0.10

0.16

0.22

0.14

0.04

F

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001

 < .001