Table 1 Factors associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms in South Africa residents during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 489)
Variables | Post-traumatic stress symptoms | p value | Total N = 489 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent N = 316 | Present N = 173 | |||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Sex at birth | ||||
Male | 137 (43·0) | 43 (24·9) | < 0·001 | 179 (36·6) |
Female | 179 (56·6) | 130 (75·1) | 309 (63·2) | |
Decline to answer | 1 (0·3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0·2) | |
Age | ||||
Mean (SD) | 32.1 (10.7) | 29.3 (7.7) | 0.001 | 30.8 (9.5) |
Educational level | ||||
Less than university education | 36 (11·4) | 24 (13·9) | 0·42 | 60 (12·3) |
University education | 280 (88·6) | 149 (86·1) | 429 (87·7) | |
Work Status | ||||
Employed | 181 (57·3) | 83 (48·0) | 0·048 | 264 (54·0) |
Unemployed | 135 (42·7) | 90 (52·0) | 225 (46·0) | |
Social isolation | ||||
Mean (SD) | 5.18 (2·61) | 6.43 (2·74) | < 0·001 | 5.62 (2·72) |
Get enough emotional support from family and relatives | ||||
Yes | 301 (95·3) | 140 (80·9) | < 0·001 | 441 (90·2) |
No | 15 (4·7) | 33 (19·1) | 48 (9·8) | |
Know someone who died from COVID-19 | ||||
Yes | 142 (44·9) | 86 (49·7) | 0·31 | 228 (46·6) |
No | 174 (55·1) | 87 (50·3) | 261 (53·4) | |
COVID-19 has negative impact on daily life | ||||
Yes | 261 (82·6) | 159 (91·9) | 0·005 | 420 (85·9) |
No | 55 (17·4) | 14 (8·1) | 69 (14·1) | |