Table 3 Baseline characteristics of older adults according to depressive symptom trajectory groups (N = 2,016)
Variables | Total (n = 2,016) | Depressive symptom trajectories | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 None (n = 583) | Group 2 Slowly worsening (n = 491) | Group 3 Rapidly worsening (n = 353) | Group 4 Improving (n = 249) | Group 5 Persistently severe (n = 340) | p | ||
Age, mean | 70.96 ± 4.87 | 70.19 ± 4.82 | 70.71 ± 4.76 | 71.71 ± 4.90 | 71.15 ± 4.95 | 71.74 ± 4.78 | < .001 |
Gender, n (%) | |||||||
Male | 815(43.8) | 308(52.8) | 215(43.8) | 129(36.5) | 79(31.7) | 84(24.7) | < .001 |
Female | 1201(56.2) | 275(47.2) | 276(56.2) | 224(63.5) | 170(68.3) | 256(75.3) | |
Education level, n (%) | |||||||
Elementary or lower | 1437(71.3) | 343(58.8) | 341(69.5) | 253(71.7) | 210(84.8) | 290(85.3) | < .001 |
Middle school | 206(10.2) | 72(12.3) | 61(12.4) | 36(10.2) | 15(6.0) | 22(6.5) | |
High school | 260(12.9) | 102(17.5) | 62(12.6) | 58(15.3) | 19(7.6) | 23(6.8) | |
College or higher | 113(5.6) | 66(11.3) | 25(5.5) | 6(2.8) | 5(2.0) | 5(1.5) | |
Have a religion, n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 1132(56.2) | 323(55.9) | 291(59.3) | 196(55.5) | 132(53.0) | 153(45.0) | .527 |
No | 884(43.8) | 257(44.1) | 200(40.7) | 157(44.5) | 117(47.0) | 153(55.0) | |
Have a spouse, n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 1405(69.7) | 453(77.7) | 363(73.9) | 232(65.7) | 163(65.5) | 194(57.1) | < .001 |
No | 611(30.3) | 130(22.3) | 128(26.1) | 121(34.3) | 86(34.5) | 146(42.9) | |
Current job | |||||||
Yes | 466(23.1) | 162(27.8) | 138(28.1) | 70(19.8) | 55(22.1) | 41(12.1) | < .001 |
No | 1550(76.9) | 421(72.2) | 353(71.9) | 283(80.2) | 194(77.9) | 299(87.9) | |
Total household income (US$), meana | 16,525.5 ± 21,997.5 | 17,208.8 ± 22,857.0 | 16,151.8 ± 22,972.7 | 15,001.5 ± 17,515.4 | 16,553.5 ± 20,063.5 | 17,455.6 ± 24,477.2 | .557 |
K-ADL score, mean | 0.12 ± 0.72 | 0.02 ± 0.31 | 0.05 ± 0.45 | 0.08 ± 0.55 | 0.22 ± 0.93 | 0.35 ± 1.28 | < .001 |
K-IADL sore, mean | 0.52 ± 1.57 | 0.27 ± 0.85 | 0.36 ± 1.27 | 0.49 ± 1.42 | 0.84 ± 2.10 | 1.00 ± 2.29 | < .001 |
K-MMSE, mean | 23.80 ± 5.35 | 25.30 ± 4.39 | 24.53 ± 4.71 | 23.19 ± 5.86 | 23.30 ± 5.71 | 21.15 ± 5.75 | < .001 |
Number of chronic diseases, mean | 1.01 ± 1.01 | 0.83 ± 0.91 | 0.87 ± 0.90 | 1.07 ± 1.00 | 1.11 ± 1.05 | 1.38 ± 1.17 | < .001 |
BMI, mean | 23.10 ± 2.82 | 23.29 ± 2.66 | 23.00 ± 2.87 | 23.12 ± 2.82 | 22.90 ± 2.88 | 23.04 ± 2.94 | .320 |
Exercise at least once a week, n (%) | |||||||
Yes | 1337(66.3) | 354(60.7) | 305(62.1) | 229(64.9) | 184(73.9) | 256(77.9) | < .001 |
No | 679(33.7) | 229(39.3) | 186(37.9 | 124(35.1) | 65(26.1) | 75(22.1) | |
Frequency of contact with children, n (%) | |||||||
Almost daily | 385(19.1) | 123(21.1) | 80(16.3) | 36(17.8) | 50(20.1) | 69(20.3) | .414 |
2–3 times a week | 1007(50.0) | 294(50.4) | 259(52.7) | 185(52.4) | 112(45.0) | 157(46.2) | |
1–4 times a month | 513(25.4) | 137(23.5) | 125(25.5) | 86(24.4) | 74(29.7) | 91(26.8) | |
1–6 times annually | 99(4.9) | 26(4.5) | 22(4.5) | 16(4.5) | 13(5.2) | 22(6.5) | |
None | 12(0.6) | 3(0.5) | 5(1.0) | 3(0.8) | 0(0.0) | 1(0.3) | |
Frequency of regular social activity, n (%) | |||||||
Almost daily | 209(10.4) | 70(12.0) | 58(11.8) | 18(5.1) | 38(15.3) | 25(7.4) | < .001 |
2–3 times a week | 513(25.4) | 150(25.7) | 119(24.2) | 96(27.2) | 51(20.5) | 97(28.5) | |
1–4 times a month | 147(7.3) | 29(5.0) | 27(5.5) | 33(9.3) | 18(7.2) | 40(11.8) | |
1–6 times annually | 648(32.1) | 188(32.2) | 144(29.3) | 111(31.4) | 94(37.8) | 111(32.6) | |
None | 499(24.8) | 146(25.0) | 143(29.1) | 95(26.9) | 48(19.3) | 67(19.7) | |
CES-D10 score, mean | 3.44 ± 2.77 | 1.71 ± 1.83 | 2.52 ± 2.08 | 2.45 ± 1.38 | 5.33 ± 2.31 | 7.37 ± 1.46 | < .001 |