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Table 4 Risk factors for severe depression in different drug user groups

From: Characteristics of depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and aggression among various types of drug users and factors for developing severe depression: a cross-sectional study

Independent variables

Methamphetamine-only

Heroin-only

Polysubstance

Univariable analysis

Multivariable model

Univariable analysis

Multivariable model

Univariable analysis

Multivariable model

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

Sex

  Male vs. female

1.49(0.42, 5.28)

0.54

  

0.69(0.30, 1.59)

0.39

  

0.41(0.14, 1.22)

0.11

0.12(0.02, 0.62)

0.01

Ethnicity

  Minority vs. Han

0.75(0.27, 2.13)

0.59

  

0.57(0.25, 1.29)

0.18

0.38(0.15, 0.97)

0.04

1.13(0.31, 4.07)

0.85

  

Full-time education

            

  ≤ 9 years vs. > 9 years

1.19(0.38, 3.70)

0.76

  

0.70(0.37, 1.31)

0.26

  

0.70(0.25, 1.97)

0.50

  

Employment status

  Not employed vs. employed

1.59(0.65, 3.88)

0.31

  

1.21(0.64, 2.27)

0.55

  

0.76(0.28, 2.08)

0.60

  

Initial age of substance use

0.98(0.93, 1.04)

0.51

  

1.01(0.98, 1.04)

0.56

  

1.02(0.97, 1.07)

0.57

  

Substance use duration

1.05(0.99, 1.13)

0.13

1.03(0.91, 1.18)

0.62

1.00(0.96, 1.05)

0.88

  

1.02(0.95, 1.11)

0.55

  

Substance addiction duration

1.07(0.99, 1.16)

0.10

1.01(0.85, 1.19)

0.95

1.02(0.97, 1.07)

0.53

  

1.05(0.96, 1.14)

0.29

  

BIS-11 score

  Attention impulsivity score

1.13(0.96, 1.32)

0.15

0.93(0.74, 1.16)

0.51

1.20(1.08, 1.33)

0.001

1.01(0.88, 1.17)

0.89

1.13(0.95, 1.34)

0.18

1.02(0.77, 1.36)

0.88

  Motor impulsivity score

1.12(1.00, 1.26)

0.05

1.06(0.90, 1.25)

0.47

1.09(1.01, 1.17)

0.03

0.99(0.89, 1.09)

0.77

1.16(1.03, 1.32)

0.02

1.23(0.97, 1.56)

0.09

  Nonplanning impulsivity score

0.99(0.89, 1.10)

0.86

  

0.94(0.88, 1.01)

0.07

0.93(0.85, 1.00)

0.06

0.92(0.82, 1.03)

0.13

0.70(0.56, 0.87)

0.001

BPAQ score

  Hostility score

1.08(1.00, 1.17)

0.04

1.01(0.88, 1.15)

0.91

1.16(1.01, 1.23)

 < 0.001

1.09(1.01, 1.19)

0.03

1.15(1.06, 1.26)

0.002

1.04(0.89, 1.20)

0.64

  Verbal aggression score

1.09(0.99, 1.20)

0.09

1.11(0.94, 1.31)

0.23

1.03(0.96, 1.10)

0.38

  

1.04(0.93, 1.17)

0.46

  

  Physical aggression score

1.04(0.95, 1.15)

0.37

  

1.10(1.04, 1.17)

0.003

0.98(0.89, 1.08)

0.66

1.08(0.98, 1.19)

0.11

0.89(0.77, 1.04)

0.15

  Anger score

1.09(0.95, 1.26)

0.23

  

1.19(1.08, 1.31)

0.001

0.95(0.81, 1.11)

0.51

1.33(1.13, 1.58)

0.001

1.55(1.10, 2.19)

0.01

SAS score

1.16(1.10, 1.23)

 < 0.001

1.17(1.10, 1.25)

 < 0.001

1.17(1.12, 1.21)

 < 0.001

1.17(1.12, 1.22)

 < 0.001

1.15(1.09, 1.20)

 < 0.001

1.21 (1.12, 1.30)

 < 0.001

  1. Independent variables with p < 0.2 in the univariable analysis were included in the multivariable model
  2. BIS-11, Barratt impulsiveness scale version 11; BPAQ, Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire; SAS, Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. Severe depression was defined as the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale score > 72
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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