Table 3 Association of IADL functioning and marital and living arrangement status and social participation with major depression among older adults

Difficulty in IADL

 No

Ref

 Yes

2.27*** (1.96—2.64)

Difficulty in IADL X Marital status

 No/ Married

Ref

 No/ Unmarried

1.39*** (1.08—1.78)

 Yes/ Married

2.46*** (2.02—2.99)

 Yes/ Unmarried

2.80*** (2.22—3.52)

Difficulty in IADL X Living arrangement

 No/ Co-residential living

Ref

 No/ Separate living

1.19 (0.92—1.53)

 Yes/ Co-residential living

2.27*** (1.90—2.70)

 Yes/ Separate living

2.70*** (2.15—3.41)

Difficulty in IADL X Social participation

 No/ Yes

Ref

 No/ No

1.06 (0.84—1.34)

 Yes/ Yes

1.85*** (1.45—2.37)

 Yes/ No

2.82*** (2.25—3.52)

Marital status

 Married

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Unmarried

1.22** (1.04—1.43)

1.22** (1.04—1.43)

1.22** (1.04—1.44)

Living arrangement

 Co-residential living

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Separate living

1.19** (1.01—1.40)

1.19** (1.01—1.40)

1.19** (1.01—1.41)

Social participation

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

1.33*** (1.14—1.54)

1.33*** (1.14—1.54)

1.33*** (1.14—1.54)

Age (in years)

 60–69

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 70–79

0.83** (0.71—0.97)

0.83** (0.71—0.97)

0.83** (0.71—0.97)

0.83** (0.71—0.97)

 80 + 

0.91 (0.71—1.18)

0.92 (0.71—1.18)

0.91 (0.71—1.18)

0.90 (0.70—1.16)

Sex

 Male

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Female

1.28*** (1.07—1.54)

1.29*** (1.07—1.55)

1.28*** (1.07—1.54)

1.28*** (1.07—1.54)

Educational status

 No/ primary

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Secondary

0.93 (0.76—1.14)

0.93 (0.76—1.14)

0.93 (0.76—1.14)

0.93 (0.76—1.14)

 Higher

0.72** (0.52—1.00)

0.73* (0.52—1.01)

0.72** (0.52—1.00)

0.70** (0.51—0.98)

Working status

 Never

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Not

1.60*** (1.31—1.95)

1.60*** (1.31—1.95)

1.60*** (1.31—1.95)

1.60*** (1.31—1.95)

 Yes

1.42*** (1.14—1.77)

1.42*** (1.14—1.77)

1.42*** (1.14—1.77)

1.42*** (1.14—1.77)

 Retired

1.87*** (1.30—2.69)

1.87*** (1.30—2.68)

1.87*** (1.30—2.69)

1.87*** (1.30—2.69)

MPCE quintile

 Poorest

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Poorer

0.91 (0.75—1.09)

0.91 (0.75—1.09)

0.91 (0.75—1.09)

0.91 (0.75—1.09)

 Middle

1.05 (0.84—1.32)

1.05 (0.83—1.32)

1.05 (0.84—1.32)

1.06 (0.84—1.33)

 Richer

1.16 (0.95—1.43)

1.16 (0.95—1.43)

1.16 (0.95—1.43)

1.17 (0.95—1.44)

 Richest

1.42*** (1.15—1.75)

1.42*** (1.15—1.75)

1.42*** (1.15—1.76)

1.43*** (1.16—1.76)

Religion

 Hindu

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Muslim

1.25** (1.05—1.49)

1.25** (1.05—1.49)

1.25** (1.05—1.49)

1.25** (1.05—1.49)

 Others

1.08 (0.89—1.31)

1.08 (0.89—1.31)

1.08 (0.89—1.31)

1.07 (0.88—1.30)

Caste

 SC/ST

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 OBC

1.09 (0.88—1.35)

1.09 (0.88—1.36)

1.09 (0.88—1.36)

1.09 (0.88—1.35)

 Others

1.22 (0.93—1.61)

1.22 (0.92—1.60)

1.22 (0.93—1.61)

1.22 (0.93—1.61)

Place of residence

 Urban

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Rural

1.13 (0.95—1.34)

1.13 (0.95—1.34)

1.13 (0.95—1.34)

1.13 (0.95—1.34)

Region

 North

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Central

2.37*** (1.90—2.94)

2.36*** (1.89—2.93)

2.37*** (1.90—2.94)

2.36*** (1.90—2.94)

 East

1.16 (0.95—1.41)

1.15 (0.95—1.40)

1.16 (0.95—1.41)

1.15 (0.95—1.40)

 Northeast

0.84 (0.62—1.14)

0.84 (0.62—1.14)

0.84 (0.62—1.14)

0.84 (0.62—1.15)

 West

0.68*** (0.54—0.86)

0.68*** (0.54—0.86)

0.68*** (0.54—0.86)

0.68*** (0.54—0.86)

 South

1.11 (0.88—1.41)

1.11 (0.88—1.40)

1.11 (0.88—1.41)

1.11 (0.88—1.40)

Pseudo R2

0.0598

0.0601

0.0598

0.0607