Table 1 Previous Studies on Mortality Associated with ADHD
First author (reference) | Year | Origins of Data (country) | Type of Research Design | Total N (ADHD n) | ADHD deceased n | Age of subjects/ Follow-up period | Hazard, mortality or odds ratio (95% CI) | Main outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chen [7] | 2019 | National database (Taiwan) | Nationwide population-based cohort study | 1 931 860 excluding ADHD cases (275 980) | 727 | Mean age 9.6, range 4–44 years | AHR 1.07 (1.00–1.17) | The ADHD group had higher overall, suicide, unintentional, and homicide mortality |
Sun [8] | 2019 | National registers (Sweden) | Nationwide cohort study | 2 675 615 (86,670) | 424 | Up to 31 years of age, mean follow-up 11 years | AHR 3.94 (3.51–4.43) | Mortality associated with ADHD was higher in adults than children; cumulative psychiatric comorbidities increased mortality risk |
London [9] | 2016 | Nationally representative survey data (USA) | Prospective sample study | 23 352 (unknown) | unknown (2,8% of those diagnosed) | Mean age 47.6 years, followed over 4 years in 2007–2011 | AOR 1.78 (1.01–3.12) | Individuals with self-reported ADHD have greater odds of dying after controlling for age |
Dalsgaard [6] | 2015 | National registers (Denmark) | Nationwide cohort study | 1 922 248 (32 061) | 107 | Up to 32 years of age | AMRR 2.07 (1.70–2·50) | ADHD was associated with increased mortality, mainly due to unnatural causes |
Barbaresi [16] | 2013 | School and medical records (USA) | Population-based birth cohort study | 5718 (367) | 7 | Mean age at follow-up 27 years, cohort born in 1976–1982 | SMR 1.88 (0.83–4.26) | All-cause mortality was not increased in the ADHD group but risk of death from suicide was increased |
Klein [4] | 2012 | Research clinic (USA) | Prospective follow-up study of clinic-referred males | 385 (207) | 15 | Mean age at follow-up 41, subjects enrolled in 1970–1978 | Not available | More individuals (all males, 7%) had died by age 41 in the ADHD group compared to a comparison group |