Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of the matched populations

 Mean (SD)

56.7 (13.8)

57.7 (16.3)

−0.06

29.7 (3.7)

30.7 (4.2)

−0.25

 Median (IQR)

59 (50–66)

59 (47–67)

30 (27–33)

31 (28–33)

Age Categories, n , (%)

0.10

0.00

 18–34

10,205 (10.0%)

11,641 (11.4%)

10,613 (90.8%)

10,610 (90.7%)

 35–44

8774 (8.6%)

11,314 (11.1%)

1086 (9.3%)

1089 (9.3%)^b

 45–54

16,798 (16.4%)

16,022 (15.7%)

NA

NA

 55–64

35,154 (34.4%)

31,908 (31.2%)

NA

NA

  ≥ 65

31,276 (30.6%)

31,322 (30.6%)

NA

NA

Male Gender, n , (%)

93,100 (91.1%)

92,469 (90.5%)

0.02

10,182 (87.0%)

10,202 (87.2%)

−0.01

Race, n , (%)

0.08

0.11

 White

62,724 (61.4%)

62,889 (61.5%)

6801 (58.1%)

6782 (58.0%)

 Black

29,562 (28.9%)

28,979 (28.4%)

3513 (30.1%)

3411 (29.2%)

 Hawaiian Pacific islander

1233 (1.2%)

1187 (1.2%)

172 (1.5%)

180 (1.5%)

 Asian

886 (0.9%)

1238 (1.2%)

308 (2.6%)

424 (3.6%)

 Native American

745 (0.7%)

874 (0.9%)

118 (1.0%)

131 (1.1%)

 Unknown/ Decline

7057 (7.0%)

7040 (6.9%)

787 (6.7%)

771 (6.6%)

US Geographic Region, n , (%)

0.03

0.03

 South

33,377 (32.7%)

33,796 (33.1%)

3677 (31.4%)

3633 (31.1%)

 Northeast

26,385 (25.9%)

25,294 (24.8%)

2443 (20.9%)

2398 (20.5%)

 Midwest

20,683 (20.3%)

21,847 (21.4%)

2609 (22.3%)

2645 (22.6%)

 West

21,762 (21.3%)

21,270 (20.9%)

2970 (25.4%)

3023 (25.8%)

Urban Residence, n , (%)

75,671 (74.0%)

74,996 (73.4%)

0.02

9046 (77.3%)

9124 (78.0%)

−0.02

 Mean (SD)

1.8 (2.3)

1.7 (2.4)

0.02

0.3 (0.7)

0.3 (0.7)

0.01

 Median (IQR)

1 (0–3)

1 (0–3)

0 (0–0)

0 (0–0)

 Substance use disorder

43,096 (42.2%)

25,482 (24.9%)

0.37

5762 (49.3%)

2756 (23.6%)

0.55

 Mental health conditions of interest (Any)

30,176 (29.5%)

14,980 (14.7%)

0.36

5699 (48.7%)

3208 (27.4%)

0.45

  PTSD

17,772 (17.4%)

9213 (9.0%)

0.25

3671 (31.4%)

2163 (18.5%)

0.30

  Anxiety

12,622 (12.3%)

5717 (5.6%)

0.24

2452 (21.0%)

1125 (9.6%)

0.32

  Suicide ideation

5554 (5.4%)

218 (0.2%)

0.32

1303 (11.1%)

34 (0.3%)

0.48

  Suicide attempt

640 (0.6%)

39 (0.0%)

0.10

< 11^a

< 11 ^a

–

 Hypertension

29,684 (29.0%)

28,142 (27.5%)

0.03

484 (4.1%)

334 (2.9%)

0.07

 Hyperlipidemia

27,243 (26.7%)

24,504 (24.0%)

0.06

832 (7.1%)

514 (4.4%)

0.12

 Diabetes

21,856 (21.4%)

21,519 (21.1%)

0.01

243 (2.1%)

225 (1.9%)

0.01

 Obesity

10,172 (10.0%)

8053 (7.9%)

0.07

791 (6.8%)

496 (4.3%)

0.11

 Coronary artery disease

6252 (6.1%)

8489 (8.3%)

−0.08

11 (0.1%)

18 (0.2%)

−0.02

 Hepatitis

5405 (5.3%)

2932 (2.9%)

0.12

143 (1.3%)

50 (0.4%)

0.09

 Liver disease

4249 (4.2%)

3092 (3.0%)

0.06

148 (1.3%)

83 (0.7%)

0.06

 Cancer

2902 (2.8%)

4942 (4.8%)

−0.10

27 (0.2%)

59 (0.5%)

−0.05

 Congestive heart failure

2917 (2.9%)

3839 (3.8%)

−0.05

21 (0.2%)

15 (0.1%)

0.01

PHQ-2 score, ^c n , (%)

60,596 (59.3%)

71,602 (70.1)

5961 (51.0%)

7689 (65.7%)

 Mean (SD)

1.1 (1.7)

0.5 (1.2)

0.41

1.8 (2.1)

0.8 (1.5)

0.58

 Median (IQR)

0 (0–2)

0 (0)

1 (0–3)

0 (0–1)