Fig. 2

Frequency of formal coercion before and after implementation of MCD. Bar chart showing the frequency of formal coercion, calculated as the proportion of patients subjected to at least one instance of formal coercion (or of a specific type of formal coercion as indicated on the x axis) among all patients hospitalized on the participating ward during the respective measurement period (pre-/post-MCD = before/after implementation of monthly moral case deliberation). As some patients were subjected to more than one type of coercion, the sum of the frequencies of the different types of coercion exceeds the frequency of formal coercion in general. * = significant at α ≤ .05