Table 1 Description and single analysis for association between sociodemographic characteristics, CM, loneliness, coping skills, and depression among male and females [Mean ± SD/N (%)]
Variables | Overall | Male | Female | F / χ2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
 18–44 | 205 (23.3) | 60 (18.6) | 145 (26.0) | 14.32** |
 45–64 | 362 (41.2) | 123 (38.2) | 239 (42.9) |  |
  ≥ 65 | 312 (35.5) | 139 (43.2) | 173 (31.1) |  |
Ethnicity | ||||
 Hans | 857 (97.5) | 313 (97.2) | 544 (97.7) | 0.18 |
 Others | 22 (2.5) | 9 (2.8) | 13 (2.3) |  |
Married status | ||||
 Unmarried | 21 (2.4) | 12 (3.7) | 9 (1.6) | 3.90* |
 Married | 858 (97.6) | 310 (96.3) | 548 (98.4) |  |
Education | ||||
 (Semi)-illiteracy | 320 (36.4) | 70 (21.7) | 250 (44.9) | 48.297*** |
 Primary school | 246 (28.0) | 105 (32.6) | 141 (25.3) |  |
 Middle school and above | 313 (35.6) | 147 (45.7) | 166 (29.8) |  |
Only child | ||||
 Yes | 33 (3.8) | 17 (5.3) | 16 (2.9) | 3.27 |
 No | 846 (96.2) | 305 (94.7) | 541 (97.1) |  |
Living alone | ||||
 Yes | 94 (10.7) | 34 (10.6) | 60 (10.8) | 0.01 |
 No | 785 (89.3) | 288 (89.4) | 497 (89.2) |  |
Offspring | ||||
 Yes | 853 (96.9) | 309 (96.0) | 543 (97.5) | 1.59 |
 No | 27 (3.1) | 13 (4.0) | 14 (2.5) |  |
Income level | ||||
 Higher | 119 (13.5) | 41 (12.7) | 78 (14.0) | 0.42 |
 Average | 563 (64.1) | 206 (64.0) | 357 (64.1) |  |
 Lower | 197 (22.4) | 75 (23.3) | 122 (21.9) |  |
CM | 42.10 ± 10.77 | 43.05 ± 10.50 | 41.55 ± 10.89 | 3.99* |
Loneliness | 20.71 ± 7.12 | 20.14 ± 7.13 | 21.04 ± 7.10 | 3.25 |
Coping skills | 32.40 ± 7.54 | 32.54 ± 7.58 | 32.32 ± 7.52 | 0.18 |
Depression | 10.16 ± 10.14 | 9.34 ± 9.49 | 10.62 ± 10.48 | 3.261 |