Humanistic and economic burden associated with depression in the United States: a cross-sectional survey analysis

BMC Psychiatry

Table 2 HRU among respondents with depression versus without depression diagnosis and across severity groups – Multivariable results

HRU in the past 6 months	Respondents without depression diagnosis^b n = 30,478	Respondents with depression diagnosis^a
HRU in the past 6 months	Respondents without depression diagnosis^b n = 30,478	Total (all symptom levels) n = 8853	No/minimal symptoms n = 1876	Mild symptoms n = 2801	Moderate symptoms n = 1938	Moderately severe symptoms n = 1376	Severe symptoms n = 862
Healthcare provider visits, mean ± SE	2.41 ± 0.03	3.61 ± 0.08^‡	5.46 ± 0.17	5.60 ± 0.14	5.78 ± 0.17	6.23 ± 0.22**	6.50 ± 0.3**
ER visits, mean ± SE	0.09 ± 0	0.14 ± 0.01^‡	0.25 ± 0.02	0.23 ± 0.01	0.26 ± 0.02	0.31 ± 0.02*	0.34 ± 0.03**
Hospitalizations, mean ± SE	0.04 ± 0	0.08 ± 0.01^‡	0.11 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.02*

Results are based on generalized linear regression models controlling for demographics, health characteristics, and comorbidities as covariates
^aRespondents with depression diagnosis: those who self-reported physician diagnosis of depression and reported experiencing depression in the past 12 months
^bRespondents without depression diagnosis: those who had no self-reported physician diagnosis of depression, reported not experiencing depression in the past 12 months, and had PHQ-9 scores ≤ 4
^*P-value < 0.050 for comparison vs ‘no/minimal symptoms’ severity group
^**P-value < 0.010 for comparison vs ‘no/minimal symptoms’ severity group
^‡P-value < 0.001 for comparison vs ‘without depression diagnosis’ group
ER Emergency room, HRU Healthcare resource utilization, SE Standard error

ISSN: 1471-244X