Fig. 4

Unadjusted mean annual healthcare costs per patient per year and adjusted cost differences.^1,2. * Significant at the 5% level. Notes: [1] Total healthcare costs per patient incurred during the 12-month study period were calculated among patients who did not experience a treatment change and among those who experienced 1, 2, or ≥ 3 treatment changes. Total healthcare costs were calculated from the payer perspective and adjusted to 2019 USD using the US Medical Care Consumer Price Index. [2] The unadjusted and adjusted cost differences for each cost component were estimated using generalized linear regression models. The adjusted models were adjusted for the following demographic and baseline characteristics in which the standardized difference between those with and without a treatment change was ≥ 0.1: age, gender, region, health plan, type of ADHD diagnosis, year of index date, anxiety (children only), patients with ≥ 1 psychotherapy visit (children only), depression (adolescents only)