General psychiatric symptoms among Bangladeshi people approximately one year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic

Table 6 Hierarchical regression analysis predicting insomnia

Variables	*Model 1*				*Model 2*				*Model 3*
Variables	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t	B	SE	β	t	ΔR²	R²_Adj
Block 1 - Socio-demographics (F_(4,999) = 21.45; p < 0.001)													0.08	0.08
Age		0.03	0.08	2.44*	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.77	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.36
Monthly household income^a		0.19	0.14	4.61***	0.86	0.19	0.14	4.51***	0.80	0.17	0.13	4.60***
Chronic health conditions^b		0.53	−0.17	−5.42***	−3.02	0.52	−0.18	−5.78***	−1.94	0.48	−0.11	−4.02***
Self-reported health status^c		0.42	0.14	4.64***	0.92	0.46	0.07	2.00*	0.44	0.42	0.03	1.05
Block 2 – Lifestyle factors (F_(15,988) = 16.52; p < 0.001)													0.12	0.19
Worry due to COVID-19^b					−2.07	0.44	−0.14	−4.69***	−1.16	0.42	−0.08	−2.74**
Prolonged home quarantine^b					2.35	0.50	0.14	4.70***	1.98	0.46	0.12	4.32***
Unemployment of family members due to COVID-19^b					−1.44	0.47	−0.10	−3.05**	−1.19	0.43	−0.09	−2.75**
Food scarcity^b					−1.49	0.48	−0.11	−3.11**	−1.17	0.44	−0.09	−2.69**
Average sleep duration^c					−1.59	0.29	−0.16	−5.52***	−1.44	0.27	−0.15	−5.44***
Physical exercise^b					1.31	0.40	0.10	3.31**	0.66	0.37	0.05	1.81
Internet browsing hours^d					0.78	0.24	0.12	3.20**	0.41	0.22	0.06	1.83
Social media use^e					0.49	0.23	0.08	2.15*	0.40	0.21	0.06	1.92
Tobacco smoking^b					0.36	0.53	0.02	0.67	0.11	0.48	0.01	0.22
Alcohol consumption^b					−1.99	0.81	−0.08	−2.46*	−1.59	0.74	−0.06	−2.14*
Self-reported quality of life^f					1.30	0.47	0.09	2.75**	0.53	0.44	0.04	1.21
Block 3 – Psychiatric symptoms (F_(19,984) = 26.22; p < 0.001)													0.14	0.32
Loneliness									0.79	0.11	0.22	7.11***
Fear of COVID-19									0.13	0.03	0.11	3.85***
Anxiety									0.27	0.05	0.19	5.18***
Depression									0.03	0.04	0.02	0.70

B Unstandardized regression coefficient, SE Standard error, β Standardized regression coefficient; ^a1 = < 20,000, 2 = 20,000-30,000, 3 = 30,000-40,000, 4 = > 40,000; ^b1 = Yes, 2 = No; ^c1 = < 7 hours, 2 = 7–9 hours, 3 = > 9 hours; ^d1 = < 2 hours, 2 = 2–4 hours, 3 = 4–6 hours, 4 = > 6 hours; ^e1 = Not at all, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometime, 4 = Often, 5 = Always; ^f1 = Good, 2 = Poor. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

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