Table 2 Themes and subcategories

1. Lack of role orientation leads to role ambiguity

1) Lack of expertise in mental health

2) Unclear role responsibilities

2. Failure to establish a therapeutic relationship with patients

1) Inadequate response capacity

2) Failure to meet the needs of patients

3) Stigma of mental illness has led to concerns about staff safety

3. Lack of communication and collaboration with various departments and peers

1) No effective transfer mechanism has been established between peers

2) Lack of effective and stable communication and coordination mechanism with various departments