Hoarding symptoms are associated with higher rates of disability than other medical and psychiatric disorders across multiple domains of functioning

Table 1 Overview of study sample, by hoarding symptoms

	CHS N = 923 (%)	SCHS N = 937 (%)	No HS N = 14,452 (%)	\({\chi }^{2}\), p*	Effect Size^a
Gender				11.5, 0.003	0.03
Male	200 (21.7)	247 (26.4)	3864 (26.7)
Female	723 (78.3)	690 (73.6)	10,588 (73.3)
Race				43.5, < 0.001	0.04
African American	23 (2.5)	21 (2.2)	240 (1.7)
Asian	34 (3.7)	40 (4.3)	325 (2.3)
Other or more than 1 race^b	58 (6.3)	66 (7.0)	673 (4.7)
White	808 (87.5)	810 (86.5)	13,214 (91.4)
Ethnicity				3.1, 0.543	0.01
Hispanic/Latinx	25 (2.7)	36 (3.8)	441 (3.1)
Not Hispanic/Latinx	884 (95.8)	888 (94.8)	13,835 (95.7)
Prefer Not to Say	14 (1.5)	13 (1.4)	176 (1.2)
Education				47.2, < 0.001	0.04
Grad/professional degree	319 (34.6)	379 (40.5)	6439 (44.6)
College degree	404 (43.8)	379 (40.5)	5695 (39.4)
Less than college	200 (21.7)	179 (19.1)	2318 (16.0)
BMI ^c				198.5, < 0.001	0.10
Normal	189 (32.9)	212 (36.6)	4695 (51.4)
Overweight	160 (28.9)	191 (33.0)	2716 (29.8)
Obese	225 (39.1)	176 (30.4)	1716 (18.8)
Age (median, IQR)	63 (54, 70)	63 (56, 70)	65 (57, 72)	51.1, < 0.001	0.0
Psychiatric disease burden ^d (median, IQR)	1 (0,2)	1 (0, 2)	0 (0, 1)	568.4, < 0.001	0.03
Medical disease burden ^e (median, IQR)	4 (2,5)	3 (2, 5)	2 (1, 4)	331.2, < 0.001	0.02

CHS Clinically Relevant Hoarding Symptoms, SCHS Subclinical Hoarding Symptoms, No HS No Hoarding Symptoms, IQR Interquartile Range
^*Chi-square test statistic and p-value from Pearson’s chi-square tests (Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Education, BMI) and Kruskal–Wallis H tests (age, psychiatric disease burden, medical disease burden)
^aEstimates of effect size include Cramer’s V (Pearson’s chi-square test) and epsilon-squared (Kruskal Wallis H tests)
^bIncludes individuals who identified with Native American, Pacific Islander, or other, as well as individuals who identified with more than one race
^cN = 10,280
^dThe number of comorbid psychiatric conditions endorsed by the participant, including generalized anxiety disorder, specific or social phobia, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, OCD, eating disorder, drug or alcohol abuse, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, Tourette syndrome or Tourette disorder, chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and psychosis
^eThe number of comorbid medical conditions endorsed by the participant, including high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, asthma, lung disease, arthritis, allergies, traumatic brain injury, concussion, sleep apnea, and chronic pain

ISSN: 1471-244X