Quality of life and care burden among family caregivers of people with severe mental illness: mediating effects of self-esteem and psychological distress

Cheng, Wan-Lin; Chang, Chih-Cheng; Griffiths, Mark D.; Yen, Cheng-Fang; Liu, Jiun-Horng; Su, Jian-An; Lin, Chung-Ying; Pakpour, Amir H.

doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04289-0

Table 2 Predictors of the WHOQOL utilizing a hierarchical regression model

From: Quality of life and care burden among family caregivers of people with severe mental illness: mediating effects of self-esteem and psychological distress

		Domain1 Physical health						Domain 2 Psychological health						Domain 3 Social relationships						Domain4 Environment
		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
		β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t
PWMI’s demographic and illness characteristics
	Age	0.18	1.85	0.10	0.66	0.06	0.53	0.26**	2.66	0.08	0.51	0.02	0.17	0.21*	2.08	0.03	0.21	0.00	0.00	0.35***	3.58	0.14	0.98	0.10	0.77
	Male (reference: female)	-0.12*	-2.34	-0.06	-1.12	-0.02	-0.46	-0.07	-1.39	0.00	0.03	0.04	1.08	-0.05	-0.94	-0.02	-0.29	0.01	0.13	-0.07	-1.40	-0.01	-0.27	0.01	0.11
	Married, cohabiting, remarried (reference: single)	-0.03	-0.35	-0.02	-0.22	-0.03	-0.49	-0.06	-0.84	-0.02	-0.18	-0.02	-0.37	-0.05	-0.73	0.03	0.29	0.02	0.26	0.02	0.25	0.10	1.05	0.09	1.13
	Widowed, separated, divorced (reference: single)	-0.05	-0.73	-0.08	-1.12	-0.03	-0.66	-0.05	-0.77	-0.05	-0.63	0.00	0.00	-0.09	-1.26	-0.05	-0.72	-0.03	-0.49	-0.01	-0.08	0.07	0.95	0.09	1.51
	Number of years of education	0.16*	2.31	0.02	0.29	-0.01	-0.22	0.20**	2.89	0.08	1.08	0.05	0.89	0.04	0.64	-0.07	-0.97	-0.09	-1.44	0.26***	3.93	0.10	1.32	0.07	1.21
	Bipolar disorder (reference: schizophrenia)	0.11*	2.09	0.09	1.64	0.05	1.21	0.09	1.70	0.08	1.45	0.02	0.64	0.05	0.93	0.04	0.72	-0.01	-0.20	0.06	1.17	0.05	0.91	0.01	0.30
	Major depressive disorder (reference: schizophrenia)	0.00	0.02	-0.04	-0.55	-0.05	-0.90	0.08	1.10	0.05	0.72	0.04	0.71	-0.09	-1.23	-0.10	-1.42	-0.13*	-1.99	0.05	0.64	0.01	0.14	-0.02	-0.39
	Age of treatment initiation	0.05	0.54	0.02	0.14	0.04	0.41	0.00	0.04	-0.01	-0.07	0.02	0.21	-0.02	-0.20	-0.09	-0.66	-0.08	-0.61	0.00	0.03	-0.03	-0.21	0.01	0.07
	Psychiatric hospitalization ever (reference: never)	-0.14*	-2.21	-0.09	-1.43	-0.06	-1.42	-0.10	-1.61	-0.07	-1.08	-0.02	-0.45	-0.15*	-2.27	-0.11	-1.75	-0.06	-1.07	-0.15*	-2.45	-0.13*	-2.14	-0.08	-1.54
	Suicidal attempt/behavior ever (reference: never)	-0.01	-0.23	-0.02	-0.49	0.05	1.47	-0.06	-1.19	-0.07	-1.51	-0.01	-0.22	-0.02	-0.33	-0.03	-0.57	0.00	0.08	0.01	0.17	0.00	0.03	0.04	1.04
	Compulsory admission ever (reference: never)	0.05	0.85	0.00	0.05	0.05	1.31	0.00	0.03	-0.04	-0.64	0.00	0.10	-0.04	-0.62	-0.07	-1.32	-0.05	-1.02	0.09	1.69	0.06	1.10	0.08	1.76
		F = 2.96**, R2 = 0.07a						F = 3.12***, R2 = 0.08a						F = 1.88*, R2 = 0.05a						F = 4.81***, R2 = 0.11a
Caregiver’s demographic characteristics
	Age			0.02	0.22	-0.08	-1.41			0.15	1.89	0.04	0.83			0.22**	2.77	0.14*	2.11			0.26**	3.49	0.19**	2.91
	Male (reference: female)			0.03	0.61	-0.02	-0.49			0.05	1.05	0.00	0.03			-0.06	-1.17	-0.10*	-2.17			-0.02	-0.37	-0.05	-1.24
	Married, cohabiting, remarried (reference: single)			0.03	0.39	0.05	0.96			-0.03	-0.34	0.00	0.00			0.03	0.37	0.04	0.62			0.01	0.07	0.03	0.48
	Widowed, separated, divorced (reference: single)			-0.13	-1.78	-0.02	-0.35			-0.09	-1.25	0.01	0.28			-0.02	-0.22	0.05	0.68			-0.11	-1.49	-0.05	-0.72
	Number of years of education			0.25***	3.92	0.09*	2.02			0.24***	3.86	0.07	1.51			0.23***	3.55	0.09	1.53			0.31***	5.07	0.19***	3.56
	Parent (reference: others)			-0.07	-0.76	-0.02	-0.33			-0.18*	-2.00	-0.14*	-2.23			-0.21*	-2.35	-0.18*	-2.28			-0.08	-0.87	-0.04	-0.59
	Spouse (reference: others)			-0.11	-1.34	-0.02	-0.30			-0.15	-1.76	-0.05	-0.92			-0.17	-1.97	-0.10	-1.32			-0.08	-1.02	-0.03	-0.43
	Duration of caregiving (in years)			-0.01	-0.13	-0.02	-0.33			0.00	-0.01	0.00	-0.05			-0.03	-0.36	-0.03	-0.45			0.00	-0.01	0.01	0.22
	Primary caregiver (reference: no)			-0.02	-0.37	0.01	0.25			-0.02	-0.33	0.02	0.41			-0.07	-1.26	-0.04	-0.87			-0.06	-1.16	-0.03	-0.61
		F = 4.18***, R² = 0.17b, ΔR2 = 0.10						F = 3.70***, R² = 0.16b, ΔR² = 0.08						F = 2.59***, R² = 0.11b, ΔR² = 0.07						F = 4.88***, R² = 0.20b, ΔR² = 0.08
Caregiver’s self-esteem, burden and distress
	Self-esteem					0.20***	4.66					0.28***	6.62					0.29***	5.26					0.17**	3.34
	Care burden					-0.09*	-2.05					-0.13**	-2.99					-0.12*	-2.22					-0.25***	-4.81
	Depression					-0.43***	-7.86					-0.44***	-8.26					-0.22**	-3.23					-0.24***	-3.68
	Anxiety					-0.09	-1.85					0.00	-0.06					0.01	0.14					0.09	1.52
		F = 23.24***, R² = 0.58c, ΔR2 = 0.41						F = 25.55***, R² = 0.61c, ΔR² = 0.45						F = 8.82***, R² = 0.35c, ΔR² = 0.23						F = 11.73***, R² = 0.41c, ΔR² = 0.22
		a Adjusted R2 = 0.05. b Adjusted R2 = 0.13. c Adjusted R2 = 0.56. p < 0.05, p < 0.01, **p < 0.001.						a Adjusted R2 = 0.05. b Adjusted R2 = 0.11. c Adjusted R2 = 0.58. p < 0.05, p < 0.01, **p < 0.001.						a Adjusted R2 = 0.02. b Adjusted R2 = 0.07. c Adjusted R2 = 0.31. p < 0.05, p < 0.01, **p < 0.001.						a Adjusted R2 = 0.09. b Adjusted R2 = 0.16. c Adjusted R2 = 0.38. p < 0.05, p < 0.01, **p < 0.001.

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