Table 3 Hierarchical multiple regression of the relationship between social capital, living arrangements and PCS of empty-nest elderly

Age (65–79)

-0.115

-2.988^**

-0.120

-3.172^***

-0.119

-3.140^**

-0.118

-3.102^**

Gender (Male)

-0.056

-1.221

-0.062

-1.369

-0.061

-1.342

-0.066

-1.449

Marital status (Married)

-0.040

-1.023

-0.057

-1.464

-0.019

-0.381

-0.020

-0.394

Education (Not attending primary school)

Primary school

0.007

0.152

0.016

0.333

0.014

0.297

0.017

0.350

Junior high school

0.057

1.147

0.047

0.952

0.044

0.891

0.052

1.054

High school

0.093

2.057^*

0.092

2.061^*

0.091

2.050^*

0.101

2.258^*

College school and above

0.067

1.557

0.079

1.886

0.079

1.965

0.079

1.878

Employment (Unemployment)

-0.153

-3.764^***

-0.119

-2.926^**

-0.115

-2.834^**

-0.119

-2.930^**

Chronic disease (Yes)

0.102

2.100

0.109

2.290^*

0.111

2.338^*

0.111

2.335^*

Two weeks of illness (Yes)

0.180

3.746^**

0.159

3.373^**

0.156

3.299^**

0.157

3.335^***

Drinking (Yes)

-0.094

-2.410^*

-0.080

-2.092^*

-0.080

-2.105^*

-0.076

-1.973^*

Smoking status (Yes)

Have given up smoking

-0.047

-1.027

-0.052

-1.156

-0.052

-1.148

-0.062

-1.371

No

0.060

1.177

0.050

0.991

0.049

0.981

0.045

0.887

Weekly exercise frequency (Less than 3 times)

0.198

5.379 ^***

0.176

4.799^***

0.173

4.704^***

0.176

4.795^***

Sleep time (Less than 8 h)

0.039

1.063

0.048

1.328

0.048

1.326

0.050

1.406

Annual physical examination (No)

0.004

0.115

0.017

0.460

0.015

0.415

0.015

0.397

SSC (Low)

0.018

0.491

0.015

0.409

0.012

0.310

CSC (Low)

0.188

5.103^***

0.192

5.193^***

0.190

5.153^***

Livingarrangements(Living with spouse)

-0.058

-1.201

-0.059

-1.223

SSC × Living arrangements

0.028

0.778

CSC × Living arrangements

0.069

1.901

R²

0.448

0.483

0.485

0.491

F

9.761^***

310.491^***

10.022^***

9.327^***