Table 1 Factors associated with COVID-19 related emotional stress (Fear of contracting COVID-19, Fear of infecting someone else with COVID-19, Anger, frustration and loneliness among Nigerians (N = 4471)
Variables | Total n (%) | Emotional stress | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fear of contracting COVID-19 | Fear of infecting someone else with COVID-19 | Anger | Frustration | Loneliness | ||||||||||||
Yes n = 2265 n (%) | No n = 2206 n (%) | p value | Yes n = 505 n (%) | No n = 3966 n (%) | p value | Yes n = 277 n (%) | No n = 4194 n (%) | p value | Yes n = 1036 n (%) | No n = 3435 n (%) | p value | Yes n = 644 n (%) | No n = 3827 n (%) | p value | ||
Age | 37.3 (11.6) | 38.0 (11.6) | 36.5 (11.6) | < 0.001 | 36.1 (10.3) | 37.5 (11.8) | 0.017 | 33.6 (11.2) | 37.2 (11.6) | < 0.001 | 33.6 (11.6) | 38.4 (11.4) | < 0.001 | 32.9 (11.4) | 38.0 (11.5) | < 0.001 |
Sex | ||||||||||||||||
Male | 2076 (46.4) | 1075 (51.8) | 1001 (48.2) | 0.162 | 283 (13.6) | 1793 (86.4) | < 0.001 | 119 (5.7) | 1957 (94.3) | 0.232 | 500 (24.1) | 1576 (75.9) | 0.178 | 297 (14.3) | 1779 (85.7) | 0.863 |
Not Male | 2395 (52.9) | 1190 (49.7) | 1205 (50.3) | 222 (9.3) | 2173 (90.7) | 158 (6.6) | 2237 (93.4) | 536 (22.4) | 1859 (77.6) | 347 (14.5) | 2048 (85.5) | |||||
Educational status | ||||||||||||||||
No formal education | 48 (1.1) | 37 (77.1) | 11 (22.9) | < 0.001 | 5 (10.4) | 43 (89.6) | 0.994 | 9 (18.8) | 39 (81.2) | < 0.001 | 13 (27.1) | 35 (72.9) | 0.001 | 15 (31.2) | 33 (68.8) | < 0.001 |
Primary | 84 (1.9) | 66 (78.6) | 18 (21.4) | 9 (10.7) | 75 (89.3) | 11 (13.1) | 73 (86.9) | 20 (23.8) | 64 (76.2) | 15 (17.9) | 69 (82.1) | |||||
Secondary | 724 (16.2) | 421 (58.1) | 303 (41.9) | 81 (11.2) | 643 (88.8) | 51 (7.0) | 673 (93.0) | 209 (28.9) | 515 (71.1) | 143 (19.8) | 581 (80.2) | |||||
College/University | 3615 (80.9) | 1741 (48.2) | 1874 (51.8) | 410 (11.3) | 3205 (88.7) | 206 (5.7) | 3409 (206) | 794 (22.0) | 2821 (78.0) | 471 (13.0) | 3144 (87.0) | |||||
Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||
No alcohol consumption | 3437 (76.9) | 1649 (48.0) | 1788 (52.0) | < 0.001 | 339 (9.9) | 3098 (90.1) | < 0.001 | 171 (5.0) | 3266 (95.0) | < 0.001 | 740 (21.5) | 2697 (78.5) | < 0.001 | 442 (12.9) | 2995 (87.1) | < 0.001 |
Yes, alcohol consumption | 1034 (23.1) | 616 (59.6) | 418 (40.4) | 166 (16.1) | 868 (83.9) | 106 (10.3) | 928 (89.7) | 296 (28.6) | 738 (71.4) | 202 (19.5) | 832 (80.5) | |||||
Phone | ||||||||||||||||
No | 1914 (42.8) | 774 (40.4) | 1140 (59.6) | < 0.001 | 136 (7.1) | 1778 (92.9) | < 0.001 | 109 (5.7) | 1805 (94.3) | 0.230 | 350 (18.3) | 1564 (81.7) | < 0.001 | 238 (12.4) | 1676 (87.6) | 0.001 |
Yes | 2557 (57.2) | 1491 (58.3) | 1066 (41.7) | 369 (14.4) | 2188 (85.6) | 168 (6.6) | 2389 (93.4) | 686 (26.8) | 1871 (73.2) | 406 (15.9) | 2151 (84.1) | |||||
Video conferencing | ||||||||||||||||
No | 2603 (58.2) | 1259 (48.4) | 1344 (51.6) | < 0.001 | 248 (9.5) | 2355 (90.5) | < 0.001 | 148 (5.7) | 2455 (94.3) | 0.095 | 509 (19.6) | 2094 (80.4) | < 0.001 | 310 (11.9) | 2293 (88.1) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1868 (41.8) | 1006 (53.9) | 862 (46.1) | 257 (13.8) | 16 1 (86.2) | 129 (6.9) | 1739 (93.1) | Â | 527 (28.2) | 1341 (71.8) | 334 (17.9 | 1534 (82.1) | ||||
Meditation or mindfulness practices | ||||||||||||||||
No | 3571 (79.9) | 1786 (50.0) | 1785 (50.0) | 0.085 | 390 (10.9) | 3181 (89.1) | 0.116 | 200 (5.6) | 3371 (94.4) | 0.001 | 787 (22 0) | 2784 (78.0) | < 0.001 | 475 ( 3.3) | 3096 (86 7) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 900 (20.1) | 479 (53.2) | 421 (46.8) | 115 (12.8) | 785 (87.2) | 77 (8.6) | 823 (91.4) | 249 (27.7) | 651 (72.3) | 169 (18.8) | 731 (81.2) | |||||
Indoor exercises | ||||||||||||||||
No | 2917 (65.2) | 1418 (48.6) | 1499 (51.4) | < 0.001 | 314 (10.8) | 2603 (89.2) | 0.125 | 174 (6.0) | 2743 (94.0) | 0.381 | 588 (20.2) | 2329 (79.8) | < 0.001 | 365 (13.5) | 2522 (86.5) | 0.024 |
Yes | 1554 (34.8) | 847 (54.5) | 707 (45.5) | 191 (12.3) | 1363 (87.7) | 103 (6.6) | 1451 (93.4) | 448 (28.8) | 1106 (71.2) | 249 (16.0) | 1305 (84.0) | |||||
Outdoor exercises | ||||||||||||||||
No | 4002 (89.5) | 2045 (51.1) | 1957 (48.9) | 0.086 | 434 (10.8) | 3568 (89.2) | 0.005 | 241 (6.0) | 3761 (94.0) | 0.160 | 890 (22.2) | 3112 (77.8) | < 0.001 | 543 (13.6) | 3459 (86.4) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 469 (10.5) | 220 (46.9) | 249 (53.1) | 71 (15.1) | 398 (84.9) | 36 (7.7) | 433 (92.3) | 146 (31.1) | 323 (68.9) | 101 (21.5) | 368 (78.5) | |||||
Creative activities | ||||||||||||||||
No | 3246 (72.6) | 1627 (50.1) | 1619 (49.9) | 0.243 | 353 (10.9) | 2893 (89.1) | 0.149 | 183 (5.6) | 3063 (94.4) | 0.012 | 668 (20 6) | 2578 (79 4) | < 0.001 | 412 ( 2.7) | 2834 (87 3) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1225 (27.4) | 638 (52.1) | 587 (47.9) | 152 (12.4) | 1073 (87.6) | 94 (7.7) | 1131 (92.3) | 368 (30.0) | 857 (70.0) | 232 (18.9) | 993 (81.1) | |||||
Learning new skills | ||||||||||||||||
No | 3369 (75.4) | 1729 (51.3) | 1640 (48.7) | 0.122 | 367 (10.9) | 3002 (89.1) | 0.138 | 208 (6.2) | 3161 (93.8) | 0.917 | 704 (20.9) | 2665 (79.1) | < 0.001 | 447 (13.3) | 2922 (86.7) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 1102 (24.6) | 536 (48.6) | 566 (51.4) | 138 (12.5) | 964 (87.5) | 69 (6.3) | 1033 (93.7) | 332 (30.1) | 770 (69.9) | 197 (17.9) | 905 (82.1) | |||||
Following media coverage related to COVID-19 | ||||||||||||||||
No | 2377 (53.2) | 1111 (46.7) | 1266 (53.3) | < 0.001 | 220 (9.3) | 2157 (90.7) | < 0.001 | 118 (5.0) | 2259 (95.0) | < 0.001 | 437 (18.4) | 1940 (81.6) | < 0.001 | 296 (12.5) | 2081 (87.5) | < 0.001 |
Yes | 2094 (46.8) | 1154 (55.1) | 940 (44.9) | 285 (13.6) | 1809 (86.4) | 159 (7.6) | 1935 (92.4) | 599 (28.6) | 1495 (71.4) | 348 (16.6) | 1746 (83.4) | |||||