Table 1 Characteristics of the overall target population according to theobromine
From: Association between dietary theobromine with depression: a population-based study
Variables | Total (n = 6903) | No depression (n = 5148) | Depression (n = 1755) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Theobromine intake, n (%) | 0.005 | |||
< 43 mg/day | 4677 (67.8) | 3535 (68.7) | 1142 (65.1) | |
> = 43 mg/day | 2226 (32.2) | 1613 (31.3) | 613 (34.9) | |
Age, Mean ± SD | 51.0 ± 18.1 | 51.7 ± 18.0 | 49.0 ± 18.3 | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Female | 3563 (51.6) | 2543 (49.4) | 1020 (58.1) | |
Male | 3340 (48.4) | 2605 (50.6) | 735 (41.9) | |
Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Black | 1135 (16.4) | 895 (17.4) | 240 (13.7) | |
Mexican American | 535 ( 7.8) | 414 (8) | 121 (6.9) | |
Other Race | 1814 (26.3) | 1461 (28.4) | 353 (20.1) | |
White | 3419 (49.5) | 2378 (46.2) | 1041 (59.3) | |
PIR, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Low | 1497 (24.3) | 899 (19.7) | 598 (37.4) | |
Medium | 2021 (32.9) | 1381 (30.3) | 640 (40.1) | |
High | 2634 (42.8) | 2275 (49.9) | 359 (22.5) | |
Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Below high school | 824 (11.9) | 560 (10.9) | 264 (15.1) | |
High school | 1593 (23.1) | 1070 (20.8) | 523 (29.8) | |
College or above | 4480 (65.0) | 3513 (68.3) | 967 (55.1) | |
Smoke, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Former | 1570 (22.7) | 1126 (21.9) | 444 (25.3) | |
Never | 4077 (59.1) | 3278 (63.7) | 799 (45.5) | |
Now | 1256 (18.2) | 744 (14.5) | 512 (29.2) | |
Alcohol user, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Heavy | 1038 (19.3) | 672 (16.5) | 366 (28) | |
Mild | 2565 (47.6) | 1994 (48.8) | 571 (43.7) | |
Moderate | 1005 (18.6) | 748 (18.3) | 257 (19.7) | |
Never | 783 (14.5) | 671 (16.4) | 112 (8.6) | |
Multimorbidity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 2204 (31.9) | 1702 (33.1) | 502 (28.6) | |
Yes | 4699 (68.1) | 3446 (66.9) | 1253 (71.4) | |
Arthriti, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 4577 (69.5) | 3592 (72.5) | 985 (60.3) | |
Yes | 2012 (30.5) | 1364 (27.5) | 648 (39.7) | |
Obese, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 4115 (59.7) | 3190 (62.1) | 925 (52.7) | |
Yes | 2774 (40.3) | 1945 (37.9) | 829 (47.3) | |
CVD, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 5832 (88.4) | 4432 (89.2) | 1400 (85.7) | |
Yes | 768 (11.6) | 534 (10.8) | 234 (14.3) | |
COPD, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 6397 (96.9) | 4861 (97.9) | 1536 (94) | |
Yes | 203 ( 3.1) | 105 (2.1) | 98 (6) | |
CKD, n (%) | 0.008 | |||
No | 5307 (80.6) | 4009 (81.3) | 1298 (78.3) | |
Yes | 1281 (19.4) | 922 (18.7) | 359 (21.7) | |
Asthma, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 5955 (86.3) | 4536 (88.1) | 1419 (80.9) | |
Yes | 948 (13.7) | 612 (11.9) | 336 (19.1) | |
Stroke, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 6314 (95.9) | 4788 (96.7) | 1526 (93.4) | |
Yes | 268 ( 4.1) | 161 (3.3) | 107 (6.6) | |
Hypertension, n (%) | 0.041 | |||
No | 3959 (57.4) | 2916 (56.6) | 1043 (59.4) | |
Yes | 2944 (42.6) | 2232 (43.4) | 712 (40.6) | |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0.826 | |||
No | 2193 (31.8) | 1632 (31.7) | 561 (32) | |
Yes | 4709 (68.2) | 3516 (68.3) | 1193 (68) | |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 0.238 | |||
No | 5623 (81.5) | 4210 (81.8) | 1413 (80.5) | |
Yes | 1280 (18.5) | 938 (18.2) | 342 (19.5) | |
Cancer, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
No | 5723 (86.7) | 4253 (85.6) | 1470 (90) | |
Yes | 877 (13.3) | 713 (14.4) | 164 (10) | |