Table 3 Subgroup analyses
From: Association between dietary theobromine with depression: a population-based study
Subgroup | Theobromine intake | N total | N event_% | OR_95CI | P value | P for interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age: < 40 year | 0.001 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 1300 | 352 (27.1) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 755 | 263 (34.8) | 1.42 (1.17 ~ 1.72) | < 0.001 | ||
Age: 40-60 year | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 1527 | 323 (21.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 689 | 175 (25.4) | 1.31 (1.06 ~ 1.63) | 0.012 | ||
Age: > 60 year | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 1850 | 467 (25.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 782 | 175 (22.4) | 0.86 (0.71 ~ 1.06) | 0.153 | ||
Female | 0.145 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 2528 | 682 (27) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1035 | 338 (32.7) | 1.29 (1.11 ~ 1.51) | 0.001 | ||
Male | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 2149 | 460 (21.4) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1191 | 275 (23.1) | 1.07 (0.91 ~ 1.27) | 0.408 | ||
PIR: high | 0.535 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 1854 | 250 (13.5) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 780 | 109 (14) | 1.05 (0.82 ~ 1.34) | 0.684 | ||
PIR:low | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 947 | 362 (38.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 550 | 236 (42.9) | 1.14 (0.92 ~ 1.42) | 0.235 | ||
PIR:medium | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 1400 | 441 (31.5) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 621 | 199 (32) | 1.05 (0.86 ~ 1.29) | 0.633 | ||
Education: Below high school | 0.903 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 509 | 160 (31.4) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 315 | 104 (33) | 1.06 (0.78 ~ 1.43) | 0.707 | ||
Education:High school | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 1015 | 320 (31.5) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 578 | 203 (35.1) | 1.11 (0.89 ~ 1.38) | 0.343 | ||
Education: College or above | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 3151 | 661 (21) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1329 | 306 (23) | 1.12 (0.96 ~ 1.31) | 0.15 | ||
Smoke:former | 0.219 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 1052 | 282 (26.8) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 518 | 162 (31.3) | 1.24 (0.98 ~ 1.56) | 0.074 | ||
Smoke: never | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 2836 | 536 (18.9) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1241 | 263 (21.2) | 1.11 (0.94 ~ 1.31) | 0.212 | ||
Smoke: now | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 789 | 324 (41.1) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 467 | 188 (40.3) | 0.97 (0.77 ~ 1.23) | 0.83 | ||
Alcohol.user: heavy | 0.522 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 641 | 216 (33.7) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 397 | 150 (37.8) | 1.14 (0.87 ~ 1.48) | 0.342 | ||
Alcohol.user: mild | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 1736 | 376 (21.7) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 829 | 195 (23.5) | 1.1 (0.9 ~ 1.34) | 0.35 | ||
Alcohol.user: moderate | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 718 | 170 (23.7) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 287 | 87 (30.3) | 1.4 (1.04 ~ 1.91) | 0.029 | ||
Alcohol user: never | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 539 | 70 (13) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 244 | 42 (17.2) | 1.39 (0.91 ~ 2.1) | 0.124 | ||
Multimorbidity: no | 0.008 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 1435 | 290 (20.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 769 | 212 (27.6) | 1.45 (1.18 ~ 1.78) | < 0.001 | ||
Multimorbidity: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 3242 | 852 (26.3) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1457 | 401 (27.5) | 1.04 (0.91 ~ 1.2) | 0.538 | ||
Arthriti: no | 0.067 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 3109 | 628 (20.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1468 | 357 (24.3) | 1.25 (1.08 ~ 1.46) | 0.003 | ||
Arthriti: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 1381 | 444 (32.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 631 | 204 (32.3) | 0.94 (0.77 ~ 1.16) | 0.581 | ||
Obese: no | < 0.001 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 2749 | 557 (20.3) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1366 | 368 (26.9) | 1.42 (1.22 ~ 1.65) | < 0.001 | ||
Obese: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 1922 | 584 (30.4) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 852 | 245 (28.8) | 0.91 (0.76 ~ 1.09) | 0.32 | ||
CVD:no | 0.084 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 3935 | 897 (22.8) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1897 | 503 (26.5) | 1.21 (1.07 ~ 1.38) | 0.003 | ||
CVD: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 566 | 176 (31.1) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 202 | 58 (28.7) | 0.79 (0.55 ~ 1.14) | 0.208 | ||
COPD:no | 0.994 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 4378 | 1015 (23.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 2019 | 521 (25.8) | 1.14 (1.01 ~ 1.28) | 0.04 | ||
COPD: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 123 | 58 (47.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 80 | 40 (50) | 1.37 (0.74 ~ 2.54) | 0.309 | ||
CKD: no | 0.157 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 3563 | 842 (23.6) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1744 | 456 (26.1) | 1.12 (0.98 ~ 1.28) | 0.092 | ||
CKD:yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 910 | 238 (26.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 371 | 121 (32.6) | 1.39 (1.06 ~ 1.81) | 0.015 | ||
Asthma: no | 0.953 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 4051 | 928 (22.9) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1904 | 491 (25.8) | 1.14 (1 ~ 1.29) | 0.047 | ||
Asthma: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 626 | 214 (34.2) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 322 | 122 (37.9) | 1.21 (0.91 ~ 1.61) | 0.18 | ||
Stroke: no | 0.002 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 4291 | 985 (23) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 2023 | 541 (26.7) | 1.21 (1.07 ~ 1.37) | 0.002 | ||
Stroke: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 196 | 87 (44.4) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 72 | 20 (27.8) | 0.45 (0.25 ~ 0.82) | 0.009 | ||
Hypertension: no | 0.557 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 2646 | 672 (25.4) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1313 | 371 (28.3) | 1.14 (0.98 ~ 1.32) | 0.087 | ||
Hypertension:yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 2031 | 470 (23.1) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 913 | 242 (26.5) | 1.21 (1.01 ~ 1.45) | 0.04 | ||
Hyperlipidemia: no | 0.26 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 1440 | 362 (25.1) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 753 | 199 (26.4) | 1.04 (0.85 ~ 1.28) | 0.672 | ||
Hyperlipidemia: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 3237 | 780 (24.1) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1472 | 413 (28.1) | 1.21 (1.05 ~ 1.39) | 0.008 | ||
DM: no | 0.646 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 3773 | 904 (24) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1850 | 509 (27.5) | 1.17 (1.03 ~ 1.33) | 0.017 | ||
DM: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 904 | 238 (26.3) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 376 | 104 (27.7) | 1.07 (0.82 ~ 1.41) | 0.605 | ||
Cancer: no | 0.029 | |||||
< 43 mg/day | 3901 | 954 (24.5) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 1822 | 516 (28.3) | 1.22 (1.08 ~ 1.39) | 0.002 | ||
Cancer: yes | ||||||
< 43 mg/day | 600 | 119 (19.8) | 1(Ref) | |||
> = 43 mg/day | 277 | 45 (16.2) | 0.73 (0.49 ~ 1.09) | 0.125 |