Table 2 Attitude towards COVID-19 infection related to depression
| Â | Depression (PHQ-9) | Anxiety (GAD-7) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted IRR | (95% CI) | p | Adjusted IRR | (95% CI) | p | |
Threat of life due to COVID-19 infection | ||||||
 Not strongly experienced | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Strongly experienced | 1.23 | (1.11—1.38) | < 0.001 | 1.35 | (1.15—1.58) | < 0.001 |
Helplessness due to COVID-19 infection | ||||||
 Not strongly experienced | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Strongly experienced | 1.21 | (1.09—1.33) | < 0.001 | 1.23 | (1.07—1.42) | 0.003 |
Blaming the third party who did not restrain from going outside | ||||||
 Not strongly experienced | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Strongly experienced | 1.08 | (0.96—1.21) | 0.19 | 1.21 | (1.04—1.41) | 0.01 |
Blaming themselves for their COVID-19 infection | ||||||
 Not strongly experienced | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Strongly experienced | 1.24 | (1.1—1.39) | < 0.001 | 1.21 | (1.03—1.43) | 0.02 |
Worry about spreading to others | ||||||
 Not strongly experienced | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Strongly experienced | 0.93 | (0.84—1.03) | 0.15 | 0.87 | (0.75—1.01) | 0.06 |
Self-stigma (SSS-S) | 1.05 | (1.04—1.05) | < 0.001 | 1.06 | (1.05—1.07) | < 0.001 |
Hospitalized | ||||||
 No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Yes | 1.05 | (0.95—1.16) | 0.37 | 1.05 | (0.91—1.21) | 0.49 |
Persistent symptoms | ||||||
 No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Yes | 2.29 | (2.05—2.57) | < 0.001 | 2.19 | (1.87—2.56) | < 0.001 |
Duration after infection | ||||||
 Less than 1 month | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Less than 3 months | 1.05 | (0.91—1.21) | 0.49 | 1.27 | (1.03—1.57) | 0.03 |
 Less than 6 months | 1.22 | (1.06—1.4) | 0.004 | 1.51 | (1.23—1.85) | < 0.001 |
 6 months or more | 1.11 | (0.97—1.27) | 0.14 | 1.37 | (1.13—1.67) | 0.001 |
Psychiatric history | ||||||
 No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Yes | 1.98 | (1.79—2.19) | < 0.001 | 2.46 | (2.13—2.84) | < 0.001 |
Physical comorbidity | ||||||
 No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 yes | 1.23 | (1.11—1.35) | < 0.001 | 1.13 | (0.99—1.3) | 0.07 |
Sex | ||||||
 Others | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Male | 0.98 | (0.88—1.08) | 0.71 | 0.93 | (0.81—1.07) | 0.33 |
Age group | 0.82 | (0.79—0.86) | < 0.001 | 0.83 | (0.78—0.88) | < 0.001 |
Educational level | ||||||
 High school educated or lower | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Higher than high school educated | 0.94 | (0.85—1.05) | 0.29 | 1.02 | (0.87—1.19) | 0.85 |
Living together | ||||||
 No | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Yes | 0.85 | (0.76—0.96) | 0.008 | 0.89 | (0.75—1.05) | 0.18 |
Income level | ||||||
 Low | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Medium | 0.83 | (0.74—0.94) | 0.004 | 0.84 | (0.7—1) | 0.052 |
 High | 0.76 | (0.63—0.9) | 0.002 | 0.78 | (0.61—1) | 0.052 |
 Unknown/ refused to answer | 0.78 | (0.64—0.95) | 0.01 | 0.93 | (0.71—1.2) | 0.56 |