Table 1 Study overview
First author, publication year | Country | Design | Definition of exposure | Definition of vaccine receipt | Participants | Overall Population size (N), follow-up time | Gender (% of females) and age breakdown | Statistical analysis method used | Covariates in adjusted model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elderly | |||||||||
Bazargan, 2020 | United States | Cross-sectional | Depressive symptoms (Geriatric depression scale) | Influenza (ever received) | Older African-Americans living in Los Angeles service area 6 (community recruitment) over 65 | Total N = 620 | 65% females, mean age 74 yrs (SD 7.1) | Logistic regression | Age, educational attainment (years of school attendance), living arrangements (alone or partner/family), score for financial difficulty, continuity of medical care, satisfaction with medical care, disability status, self-rated health status, COPD |
Browne, 2019 | United States | Cohort study | Depression, PTSD, anxiety disorder, serious mental illness (bipolar disorder or schizophrenia), substance use disorder, any mental illness based on ICD-9 codes in outpatient visits | Influenza (last year) | US veterans within the Veterans Health Administration over 50 | Total N = 4,461,247, Follow-up time: 1 yr | 8.5/5.1% females (exp/contr), mean age 55.8/64.7 yrs (SD 13.8/15.1) for exp/contr | Descriptive analysis | None |
Buchwald, 2000 | United States | Retrospective medical record review | Depression (currently depressed, no further information) | Influenza (ever, last year), PCV (ever) | Natives Americans or Alaska Natives registered with Seattle Indian Health Board over 50 | Total N = 550 | 61% females, mean age 60.6 yrs | Logistic regression | Age, sex, marital status, insurance status, alcohol use, other substance use, smoking, purified protein derivative placement, number of health problems, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, diabetes, medication taken |
Druss, 2001 | United States | Cross-sectional | Psychiatric disorder (excl. substance disorder), substance use disorder, psychiatric disorder (incl. substance use disorder) based on ICD-9 codes | Influenza (ever, last year) | US-veterans registered with the Veterans Health Administration with high-comorbidities | Total N = 113,505 | 21/13.2% females (exp/contr) , mean age 60.8/66 years (SD 12.9/11.5) for exp/contr | Logistic regression | Age, gender, ethnicity, distance to VHA centre, disability caused by military service, health status, facility-level variables, medical comorbidity |
Howard, 2006 | United States | Cross-Sectional | Depression (self-reported) | Influenza (ever), PCV (ever) | Enrolled patients in Prudential Center for Health care research (US) | Total N = 3,260 | 56%/58% females, 65/62% 65–75 yrs, 30/31% 75-84yrs, 5/7% > 85yrs (with and without high school education) | Logistic regression | Health literacy, HS degree, age, gender, race, site, comorbidity, income, smoker |
Lawrence, 2020 | United States | Cross-sectional | Depression, anxiety, substance and drug abuse (results not reported) | Influenza (ever) | Primary care data registry, patients between 60 and 80 years old | Total N = 4,120 | 59.1/44.8% females (exp/contr), mean age 70.8/73.9 yrs for exp/contr | Logistic regression | Socioeconomic status, comorbidity index, diagnosis of influenza, pneumonia or other respiratory diseases, prescription of antidepressants and benzodiazepines, previous vaccine and health care utilisation |
Lin, 2016 | United States | Cross-sectional | Psychological distress (questionnaire) | Influenza (ever) | Participants from the medical expenditure panel survey over 65 | Total N = 3,658 | 57.5/44.8% females (exp/contr), mean age 74.8/73.9 yrs for exp/contr | Logistic regression | Socioeconomic status, region, comorbidity index, SF-12 score, BMI, metropolitan statistical area, smoking |
Mangtani, 2005 | United Kingdom | Cohort study | Dementia and depression (questionnaires) | Influenza (last year) | Participants over 74 from MCR trial of assessment and management of older people in the community | Total N = 5,572, Follow-up time 5yrs | 47% females, adults > 74 yrs | descriptive | None |
Peytremann-Bridenvaux, 2008 | Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland | Cross-sectional | Depression (questionnaire) | Influenza (last year) | Participants over 65 in the survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in 10 different European countries | Total N = 15,380 | 70.5/48.3% females (exp/contr) 56.4/46% over 65 yrs (exp/contr) | Logistic regression | Age, gender, socioeconomic status, behavioural risk, chronic disease, disability, country of residence |
Shah, 2012 | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | Dementia (Read codes) | Influenza (last year) | Patients registered in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) over 65 years | N (community) = 5,048 N (care homes) = 3,582 | 87.6/63.2% females (care homes/community-dwelling), mean age 85.5/74.7 yrs for care home/community | Logistic regression | Age, gender, community setting, registration length in care home, deprivation, comorbidities |
Thorpe, 2006 | United States | Cross-sectional | Psychological distress (questionnaire) | Influenza (last year) | Participants over 65 in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey | Total N = 3,566 | 58% females, mean age 74.4 yrs | Logistic regression | Age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, risk taking attitudes, beliefs about value of medical care, region, metropolitan area, physical health |
Adults | |||||||||
Nicolaidis, 2012 | United States | Cross-sectional | Autism spectrum disorder (self-reported and questionnaires) | Tetanus vaccine within the last 10 years | Online convenience sample | Total N = 437 | 36.7/42.2% females (exp/contr), mean age 37.3/39.7 yrs (SD 12.9/12.9) for exp/contr | Logistic regression | Age, sex, ethnicity, personal and parental education, income, health insurance, overall health status |
Xiang, 2015 | United States | Cohort study | Depression (questionnaire) | Influenza vaccine within the last two years | Participants over 50, enrolled in primary care register, without chronic disease at start | Total N = 11,439 | 55.4% females, mean age 61.4 yrs | Logistic regression | Age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital status, employment status, household wealth, activity of daily living difficulties, any chronic disease |
Mother and their children | |||||||||
Gilbert, 2021 | United States | Cross-sectional | General mental health score (questionnaire) | Childhood immunisation (not further specified) | Low-income mothers, enrolled in other longitudinal study | Total N = 843 | 100% females, mean age 28.8yrs (SD 6.0) | Logistic regression | Mother’s age, child’s age, ethnicity, mother’s education |
Lyman, 2008 | United States | Cohort study | Depression (questionnaire) | IPV, MMR and DTP vaccine at 24 months | Participants of the national maternal and infant health survey | Total N (mother baby pairs) = 7,296 | 59.1% females, mean age 70.8 yrs (SD 4.4) | Logistic regression | Poverty, single-parenthood, marital status, maternal ethnicity, wantedness of child, education, employment, health insurance of the child |
Lyngsoe, 2018 | Denmark | Cohort study | Depression (diagnoses and medication in health records) | DTP and MMR at 24 months | Mothers and their children in the Danish primary care data base | N (Children) = 850,243 N (Mothers) = 517,107 Follow-up time 13yrs | 100% females, mean age 30.6 yrs (SD 4.9) | Poisson regression | Household income, parents occupation and education level, number of siblings, maternal age at birth, mental health comorbidity, paternal depression |
Minkovitz, 2004 | United States | Cohort Study | Depression (questionnaire) | DTP, IPV, MMR at 24 months | Family samples from the Healthy steps for young children cohort study | Total N (families) = 5,565 Follow-up time 3 yrs | 100% females, 13.3% < 20 yrs, 50.5% 20–29 yrs, 36.2% > 30 yrs | Logistic regression | Mother’s age and ethnicity, parent’s employment status, child’s gender, household income, home ownership, children’s insurance status, birth weight, child’s health status, enrolment site |
Osam, 2020 | United Kingdom | Cohort study | Depression, anxiety, psychosis, eating disorder, personality disorder, alcohol and drug use (read codes) | MMR and 5-in-1 booster at age 2 and 5 | Mothers and their children in nationwide primary care data set (CPRD) | N (mothers) after 2 years = 479,949 N (mothers) after 5 years = 326,082 Follow-up time 12 yrs | 100% females, mean age 30.3 yrs (SD 5.8) | Logistic regression | Sex of child, child’s ethnicity, delivery year, maternal age, socioeconomic status, region |
Turner, 2003 | Australia | Cohort study | Depression, anxiety or combination | DTP, IPV, HiB at 7 months | Women from the Royal Women’s Hospital in Brisbane | Total N (mothers) = 159 Follow-up time = 6 months | 100% females, mean age 30.3 yrs (range 17–42 yrs) | Logistic regression | Mother’s age and income |
Children | |||||||||
Ankustiri, 2012 | United States | Cohort study | Autism spectrum disorder | HBV, DTP. PCV, IPV, MMR completed up to age 5 | Children participating in the Autism Phenome Project | Total N = 240 Follow-up time 5 yrs | 18% females, age between 2–5 yrs | Descriptive analysis | None |
Kuwaik, 2006 | Canada | Cross-sectional | Autism spectrum disorder (DSM-IV) | MMR at 12 months, DTP \t 2, 4, 6, and 18 months | Sub-sample from Canadian Autism Cohort study | N (children) = 98 N (siblings) = 98 | 32.6% females, age between 0-18yrs | ANOVA for group differences | None |
Tuffrey, 2001 | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional | Learning disability (approximated by special school attendance) | DTP, IPV, MMR, VAR (year 4) HPV, MCV4, DTP (year 11) | Children attending special schools in Bath clinical area | Total N = 408 | 36.7% females, age between 4–16 yrs | Chi-square tests | Maternal age, ethnicity, month and year of birth, child’s sex and birth site (for matching) |
Zerbo, 2012 | United States | Cohort study | Autism spectrum disorder (ICD-9 codes) | DTP, PCV, IPV, MMR, Var, HPV, MCV4, overall childhood immunisations completed in period of age 1–2 years, 4–6 years and 11–12 years | Members of the integrated health care delivery system | Total N =  596,633 Follow-up time 15 yrs | 18.1/46% females (exp/contr), 76.5% 4–6 yrs old, 23.5% 11–12 yrs old | Logistic regression | Maternal age, ethnicity, month and year of birth, sex of the child and birth site |