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Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with postpartum depression (N = 3523)

From: Factors associated with postpartum depression symptoms among postpartum women in five countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: an online cross-sectional study

Variables

PPD symptoms (13 or more)

 

COR

(95% CI)

AOR

(95% CI)

Country

      

Taiwan

0.70

(0.54-

0.90)

0.53

(0.37-

0.76)

Thailand

1.10

(0.87-

1.38)

0.74

(0.52-

1.06)

South Korea

1.35

(1.02-

1.78)

0.99

(0.66-

1.50)

UK

0.83

(0.66-

1.05)

0.98

(0.73-

1.31)

Brazil

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Social demographic data

      

Age (years)

      

18–29

1.70

(1.15-

2.52)

1.72

(1.12-

2.64)

30–39

1.15

(0.78-

1.68)

1.36

(0.90-

2.05)

41–49

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Education (secondary or lower)

1.61

(1.36-

1.90)

1.09

(0.86-

1.37)

Working status

      

Working

0.93

(0.74-

1.17)

1.12

(0.86-

1.47)

On maternity leave

0.68

(0.56-

0.81)

1.01

(0.80-

1.29)

Homemaker/unemployed

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Marital status (married)

0.39

(0.28-

0.54)

0.77

(0.52-

1.13)

Obstetric data

      

Planned pregnancy

0.54

(0.45-

0.65)

0.73

(0.59-

0.90)

Health problem during pregnancy, delivery or postpartum

1.37

(1.17-

1.59)

1.74

(1.45-

2.09)

Received 4 or more postnatal care

0.69

(0.59-

0.81)

0.96

(0.78-

1.20)

Impact of COVID-19

      

Changes in food insecurity

      

No change (insecure - insecure)

2.28

(1.79-

2.91)

1.63

(1.19-

2.22)

Worse

2.11

(1.67-

2.66)

1.68

(1.27-

2.21)

Better

1.43

(0.64-

3.21)

1.15

(0.48-

2.75)

No change (secure - secure)

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COVID-19 vaccination (yes)

0.82

(0.69-

0.97)

1.15

(0.93-

1.42)

Infant feeding

      

Expressed human milk

1.19

(1.02-

1.39)

1.24

(1.03-

1.50)

Solid, semi-solid or soft food

1.70

(1.37-

2.12)

1.56

(1.22-

2.00)

Belief towards breastfeeding (per one score increase)

0.95

(0.92-

0.98)

0.97

(0.93-

1.01)

Support for postnatal infant feeding

      

No support for infant feeding

1.67

(1.37-

2.03)

1.30

(0.96-

1.74)

Healthcare professional support

0.75

(0.64-

0.88)

1.01

(0.81-

1.26)

Spouse/partner, friend, or relative support

0.73

(0.63-

0.85)

1.03

(0.85-

1.25)

Social Support

      

Low social support (< 19 scores)

9.30

(6.72-

12.87)

7.48

(5.26-

10.63)

Medium social support (19–24 scores)

3.46

(2.93-

4.08)

3.17

(2.66-

3.79)

High social support (25–30 scores)

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  1. Missing values were excluded (not counted) in all analyses.
  2. COR: crude odds ratio, AOR: adjusted odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.
  3. Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < .05).
  4. Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit Test = 7.72 and p-value = 0.461.
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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