Table 3 Quality assessment of included studies (N=89)
Citation | Was the final sample size ≥ N = 300? | Was the response rate ≥ 70%? | Did the authors use a validated measure of generalised anxiety, with valid cut-offs for classification of anxiety? | Was the target population defined clearly? (e.g. location of sample, any eligibility criteria) | Was there complete, random (stratified or non-stratified), or consecutive recruitment? | Were the confidence intervals (CI) or standard error (SE) reported? | Was the targeted sample representative, or the report presents evidence that the results can be generalized to the general undergraduate population? (could include weighting to restore representativeness) | Total quality score (out of 7) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Bahhawi et al. (2018) [41] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 5 |
Abdallah & Gabr (2014) [42] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 4 |
Abdel Wahed et al. (2017) [43] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | 5 |
Abeetha et al. (2018) [44] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 4 |
Aboalshamat et al. (2015) [45] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Al-Khani et al. (2019) [46] | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 2 |
Almhdawi et al. (2018) [47] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 4 |
Al-Shamlan et al. (2020) [48] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 5 |
Alvi et al. (2010) [49] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 3 |
Amir Hamzah et al. (2019) [50] | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | 3 |
Asif et al. (2020) [51] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 5 |
Auerbach et al. (2016)Â [52] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 5 |
Awadalla et al. (2020) [11] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Azad et al. (2017) [53] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 2 |
Azim et al. (2019) [54] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 3 |
Ballester et al. (2020)a[55] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 5 |
Bantjes et al. (2019)a[56] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 5 |
Bassols et al. (2014) [57] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 2 |
Basudan et al. (2017) [58] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 3 |
Baykan et al. (2012) [59] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Borst et al. (2015) [60] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 3 |
Bunevicius et al. (2008) [61] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 5 |
Cheng et al. (2020) [62] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | 5 |
Chernomas et al. (2013) [63] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Cheung et al. (2016) [64] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 3 |
Cheung et al. (2020) [65] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | 4 |
Coker et al. (2018) [66] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Dalky & Gharaibeh (2019) [67] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 4 |
Delara et al. (2015) [68] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Eisenberg et al. (2007)b[69] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | 5 |
El-Gilany et al. (2019) [70] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | 5 |
Eller et al. (2006) [71] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 4 |
El-Matury et al. (2018) [72] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Unsure | 4 |
Fawzy & Hamed (2017) [73] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | 6 |
Fernandes et al. (2018) [74] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 3 |
Fortney et al. (2016) [76] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 |
Francis et al. (2019) [118] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 4 |
Gaspersz et al. (2012) [77] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 3 |
Ge et al. (2020) [78] | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | 3 |
Islam et al. (2020) [79] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | 5 |
Junaid et al. (2020) [80] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Karaoglu & Seker (2010) [81] | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | 2 |
Kebede et al. (2020) [82] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | 5 |
Knipe et al. (2018) [83] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 3 |
Kou et al. (2012) [84] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Kulsoom & Afsar (2015) [85] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | 5 |
Kumar et al. (2019) [86] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Kunwar et al. (2016) [87] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 4 |
Liu et al. (1997) [88] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 5 |
Lun et al. (2018) [89] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | 5 |
Mahroon et al. (2018) [90] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 4 |
Marthoenis et al. (2018) [91] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 4 |
Milić et al. (2019) [92] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | Yes | 5 |
Moutinho et al. (2017) [93] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 4 |
Moutinho et al. (2019) [94] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 3 |
Mundia (2010)b[95] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Nahm et al. (2020) [96] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | Unsure | 3 |
Nakhostin-Ansari et al. (2020) [97] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | 4 |
Naz et al. (2017) [98] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Nimkuntod et al. (2016) [99] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 4 |
Paudel et al. (2020) [100] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | 5 |
Rab et al. (2008) [101] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | 3 |
Ramón-Arbués et al. (2020) [102] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | Yes | 5 |
Renteria et al. (2020)a[103] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | 5 |
Saeed et al. (2018) [104] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 3 |
Sahoo & Khess (2010) [105] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 5 |
Salem et al. (2016) [106] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unsure | 5 |
Samaranayake et al. (2014) [107] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Unsure | Yes | No | 4 |
Samson (2019) [108] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 3 |
Savitsky et al. (2020) [109] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 3 |
Serra et al. (2015) [110] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Unsure | 4 |
Shawahna et al. (2020) [111] | No | No | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | Unsure | 2 |
Shen et al. (2020) [112] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 4 |
Simić-Vukomanović et al. (2015) [113] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | 5 |
Suarez et al. (2021)Â [114] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | 5 |
Syed et al. (2018) [115] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Tabalipa et al. (2015) [116] | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 |
Tayefi et al. (2020) [117] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | Unsure | 4 |
Teh et al. (2015) [118] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | No | 4 |
Torres et al. (2017) [119] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unsure | No | Yes | 5 |
Umeh & Bangirana (2016)Â [120] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | 4 |
Van Der Walt et al. (2019)Â [121] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Unsure | 4 |
Van Venrooij et al. (2017)Â [122] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | 3 |
Verger et al. (2010) [123] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 7 |
Wang et al. (2020)b[124] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 5 |
Wege et al. (2016) [125] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | 4 |
Wong et al. (2006) [32] | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 3 |
Wörfel et al. (2016) [126] | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | 3 |
Zeng et al. (2019) [127] | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 6 |