Table 1 Factors, items, sources and validity (reliability) of each factor

Parental support

Intimate relationships with parents

Brown [35]; Benson, & Johnson [36]; Ford et al.[37]

Parental care

Love talking to parents

Expressing parental interest

Active coping

Talking to relatives about concerns

Boujut, Bruchon-Schweitzer, & Dombrowski [38]

Consult others

Ask for help to overcome the problem

Write down problems or talk about them

Hope

Pursue energetic goals

Snyder et al., [39]

Considering different solutions

Find solutions when many people are frustrated

Feeling too tired

Resilience

Having a sense of control over life

Having a sense of purpose

Do not despair in the face of frustrating things

It is expedient to consider any good or bad event

Conner, & Davidson, [40]