Table 1 Insomnia medications included in the analysis
Generic name | Duration type | ATC code | Maximum number of days per prescription |
|---|---|---|---|
Benzodiazepines (BZD) | |||
 Flurazepam | Long | N05CD01 | 30 |
 Quazepam | Long | N05CD10 | 30 |
 Haloxazolam | Long | - | 30 |
 Nitrazepam | Intermediate | N05CD02 | 90 |
 Flunitrazepam | Intermediate | N05CD03 | 30 |
 Estazolam | Intermediate | N05CD04 | 30 |
 Nimetazepam | Intermediate | - | 30 |
 Lormetazepam | Short | N05CD06 | 30 |
 Brotizolam | Short | N05CD09 | 30 |
 Etizolam | Short | N05BA19 | 30 |
 Rilmazafone hydrochloride | Short | - | Unrestricted |
 Triazolam | Ultrashort | N05CD05 | 30 |
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics (z-drug) | |||
 Zopiclone | Ultrashort | N05CF01 | 30 |
 Zolpidem tartrate | Ultrashort | N05CF02 | 30 |
 Eszopiclone | Ultrashort | N05CF04 | Unrestricted |
Melatonin receptor agonist (MRA) | |||
 Ramelteon | - | N05CH02 | Unrestricted |
Orexin receptor antagonist (ORA)a | |||
 Suvorexant | - | N05CM19 | Unrestricted |
Others | |||
 Phenobarbital | - | N03AA02 | 30–90 |
 Pentobarbital calcium | - | N05CA01 | 14 |
 Amobarbital | - | N05CA02 | 14 |
 Barbital | - | N05CA04 | 14 |
 Chloral hydrate | - | N05CC01 | Unrestricted |
 Bromovalerylurea | - | N05CM03 | Unrestricted |
 Triclofos sodium | - | N05CM07 | Unrestricted |