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Table 1 Demographic characteristics and descriptive data before and after the COIVID-19 pandemic

From: The mediating role of psychological flexibility in the association of autistic-like traits with burnout and depression in medical students during clinical clerkships in Japan: a university-based cross-sectional study

Variable

Total number(n = 226)

Before COVID

(n = 61)

After COVID

(n = 165)

p-value*

 

Number (%)

 

Gender (men)

147 (65.0)

38 (62.3)

109 (66.1)

0.711

Gender (women)

79 (35.0)

23 (37.7)

56 (33.9)

High emotional exhaution**

65 (28.8)

23 (37.7)

42 (25.5)

0.101

High depersonalition**

33 (14.6)

17 (27.9)

16 ( 9.7)

0.001

Low personal accomplishment**

198 (87.6)

52 (85.2)

146 (88.5)

0.668

Overall burnout**

77 (34.1)

29 (47.5)

48 (29.1)

0.015

Highly anxious***

115 (50.9)

39 (63.9)

76 (46.1)

0.025

Highly depressed***

40 (17.7)

19 (31.1)

21 (12.7)

0.002

Highly anxious-depressed***

53 (23.5)

25 (41.0)

28 (17.0)

 < 0.001

ALT a

61 (27.0)

18 (29.5)

43 (26.1)

0.727

Alcohol consumption more than 3 times/week

29 (12.8)

9 (14.8)

20 (12.1)

0.763

Participation in an extracurricular activity

156 (69.0)

37 (60.7)

119 (72.1)

0.136

Presence of housemates

90 (39.8)

24 (39.3)

66 (40.0)

1

Presence of a part-time job

153 (67.7)

40 (65.6)

113 (68.5)

0.799

History of enrollment in other faculties

15 (6.6)

5 (8.2)

10 (6.1)

0.786

Spouse

4 (1.8)

1 (1.6)

3 (1.8)

1

Parenting

4 (1.8)

1 (1.6)

3 (1.8)

1

 

Median

[IQR**]

 

Age

24.00

[23.00, 24.00]

23.00

[23.00, 24.00]

24.00

[23.00, 24.00]

0.335

MBI-EEb

17.00

[9.00, 29.00]

23.00

[14.00, 31.00]

16.00

[9.00, 28.00]

0.037

MBI-DPc

2.00

[0.00, 6.00]

5.00

[1.00, 12.00]

1.00

[0.00, 4.00]

 < 0.001

MBI-PAd

22.00

[15.00, 29.00]

25.00

[15.00, 30.00]

21.00

[14.00, 27.00]

0.032

HADS-Ae

8.00

[5.00, 10.00]

9.00

[6.00, 12.00]

7.00

[4.00, 9.00]

0.002

HADS-Df

6.00

[4.00, 9.75]

8.00

[5.00, 11.00]

6.00

[4.00, 9.00]

0.001

HADS-Totalg

14.00

[9.00, 19.00]

19.00

[12.00, 21.00]

13.00

[9.00, 17.00]

 < 0.001

AQ-J-21 h

9.00

[6.00, 12.00]

10.00

[7.00, 12.00]

9.00

[6.00, 12.00]

0.286

CFQ-7 i

24.00

[17.00, 29.00]

26.00

[20.00, 29.00]

24.00

[17.00, 30.00]

0.517

VQ -Pj

19.00

[15.00, 23.00]

18.00

[15.00, 21.00]

19.00

[15.00, 23.00]

0.342

VQ-Ok

17.00

[14.00, 21.00]

17.00

[15.00, 20.00]

18.00

[14.00, 21.00]

0.613

  1. * Chi-square tests for categorical data. Mann–Whitney U test for numerical data. Bold text indicates significant difference before and after the COVID-19 pandemic at p < 0.05
  2. ** MBI-EE score of ≥ 27 was defined as high emotional exhaustion, MBI-DP score of ≥ 10 as high depersonalization, MBI-PA score of ≤ 33 as low degree of personal accomplishment, and MBI-EE score of ≥ 27 and/or MBI-EE score of ≥ 10 as overall burnout
  3. *** A score of ≥ 8 on the HADS Anxiety subscale was categorized as highly anxious, a score of ≥ 11 on the HADS Depression subscale as highly depressed, and a total score of ≥ 20 as highly anxious-depressed
  4. **** IQR: Interquartile Range
  5. aALT Autistic-like trait
  6. bMBI-EE Maslach Burnout Inventory-Emotional Exhaustion
  7. cMBI-DP Maslach Burnout Inventory-Depersonalization
  8. dMBI-PA Maslach Burnout Inventory-Personal Accomplishment
  9. eHADS-A Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale score
  10. fHADS-D Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale score
  11. gHADS-Total Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Total score
  12. hAQ-J-21 Autism-Spectrum Quotient, Japanese version -21
  13. iCFQ-7 Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire-7
  14. jVQ-P Valuing Questionnaire-Progress
  15. kVQ-O Valuing Questionnaire-Obstruction
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BMC Psychiatry

ISSN: 1471-244X

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